I read some of the publications and threads about DDD. There are many voices about connection between aggregate and entities. I understood that aggregate should be as simple as possible (one entity per aggregate). But what about situation when aggregate has collection of entities?
Let's say, we have one aggregate called "Month" which contains a collection of "Day" objects (that are domain entities, because they need an identity to be
distinguishable - to let aggregate know which "Day" to modify).
So I have two questions:
Is this a proper approach? Just a normal situation and I shouldn't be concerned?
What about "visibility" outside? In my approach, an aggregate is "package-private" to not let anyone use it in different parts of the system. But what about entities? Should they be visible just like Value Objects for different parts of the system? Or just create another VO to represent entities outside (for example: when entities are stored in events)?
Thank you for all the answers
Modeling days and months as entities depends a lot on the context. It might not be the best example to explain aggregates and entities but let's give it a try.
Let's assume that in our context a day can not exist on its own. It has to be within a month. If you want to refer to a day, you must specify the month first. That is how we use dates in real life, January 1st, May 8th ... Even though the days are entities they don't need a global uniques identifier. They only need an identifier within the month [1 .. 31].
Aggregates should be as small as possible however it is not a rule that you should only have one entity per aggregate. You just need to have an aggregate root (month) that has a unique identifier across all the systems. Within the aggregate, you can have entities(days) that have a unique identifier within the aggregate[1 .. 31]. If you want to refer to or access these entities you should always go through the aggregate root.
Aggregate, Entity and ValueObject
In my vision, an entity is a child with a name (Id) of an Aggregate which, in turn, is the Father with a name (Id).
An aggregate can have NO entity.
You can think well is an entity, NO: an entity exist ONLY within an Aggregate.
The entity (child) is a small aggregate (father) without other entities (children's).
Fathers and children can use transparent box (I don't have a better idea to translate the concept of ValueObject, sorry): when you create a transparent box you cannot change anything but you can read the content, if you want to update the box you MUST create a new one.
The aggregate is responsible for manage the entities, this means: add, update, remove and query.
If you want to talk (query) with an entity or entities you must ask the aggregate, consequentially, when you load the aggregate you MUST load all entities.
An aggregate can have multiple types of entities, how many? Well, this depends on you, on the design, and on the system.
Obviously, a big aggregate of many fields with many entities with each of them many rows maybe is not efficient, in this case, maybe you can choose the biggest entities and turn in Aggregates with or without children.
Pratical example
I wrote the example on csharp but is not much different from Java.
class Invoice : ValueObject
{
public string Number { get; private set; }
public DateTime Date { get; private set; }
public decimal TaxableAmount { get; private set; }
public decimal VatAmount { get; private set; }
public decimal TotalAmount => TaxableAmount + VatAmount;
public Invoice(string number, DateTime date, decimal taxableAmount, decimal
vatAmount)
{
// validation
Number = number;
[..]
}
}
class Taxonomy : Entity
{
public int Id {get; private set;}
public decimal Amount {get; private set;}
public string Classfication {get; private set;}
public Taxonomy(int id, decimal amount, string classification)
{
// validation
Id = id;
[..]
}
}
class SaleAggregate : AggregateRoot
{
private List<Taxonomy> _taxonomies;
public int Id {get; private set;}
public Invoice Invoice {get; private set;}
public IReadOnlyCollection<Taxonomy> Taxonomies => _taxonomies.AsReadOnly();
public SaleAggregate(int id, string number, DateTime date, decimal
taxableAmount, decimal vatAmount)
{
_taxonomies = new List<Taxonomy>();
// I prefer to pass ALWAYS primitive types to not rely on valueObject
// validation
Id = id;
Invoice = new Invoice(number, date, taxableAmount, vatAmount)
[..]
}
public void AddTaxonomy(int id, decimal amount, string classification)
{
// validation
_taxonomies.Add(new Taxonomy(id, amount, classification);
}
public void UpdateTaxonomy(int id, decimal amount, string classification)
{
// validation
var entity = _taxonomies.FirstOrDefault(p=> p.Id == id);
entity.Amount = amount;
entity.Classification = classification;
}
public void RemoveTaxonomy(int id)
{
// validation
var entity = _taxonomies.FirstOrDefault(p=> p.Id == id);
_taxonomy.Remove(entity);
}
public void UpdateVatAmount(decimal vatAmount)
{
// validation
Invoice = new Invoice(Invoice.Number, Invoice.Date,
Invoice.TaxableAmount, vatAmount);
}
}
Again: this is my vision about Aggregate, Entities, and ValueObject, other developers reading this can feel free to correct me.
I don't know what are the best practices in my case :
1:
public class garage {
private List<Car> cars = new ArrayList<Cars>();
public String getCarSeatSomething(String carName, String brandName) {
for(Car car : cars){
if(car.getName().equals(carName)){
Seats seats = car.getSeats();
List<Brand> brands = seats.getBrands();
for(Brand brand: brands ){
if(brand.getName().equals(brandName)){
return brand.something();
}
}
}
}
return null;
}
...
}
I have many method like this, so I will have some redundant code with this solution.
Moreover, in my program, it's not "normal" that we don't find the car, so I think I have to use Exception no ?
2 :
public class Garage {
private List<Car> cars = new ArrayList<Car>();
public Something getCarSeatSomething(String carName, String brandName) {
Car car = searchCar(carName);
if(car == null)
return null;
else{
Seats seats = car.getSeats();
return seats.getSomething(brandName);
}
}
...
}
public class Seats {
private List<Brand> brands = new ArrayList<Brand>();
protected Something getSomething(brandName){
Brand brand = searchBrand(brandName);
if(brand == null)
return null;
else
return brand.something();
}
...
}
Less redundant code and less code for each method of the class Garage because the search are only in searchBrand and searchCar.
But I have allways the problem of exceptions.
So, my last solution, is to throw exception in the searchBrand and searchCar methods, add throws at all the methods (like getCarSeatSomething) which use searchBrand/searchCar and try ... catch when I use these methods (like getCarSeatSomething).
Is that correct ?
If not, have you got better ideas ?
It looks like car name and brand name will be user provided input. In that case, you should expect users to provide names that do not exist. It is not exceptional. Return null and in the top layer, return an error message to the user. It seems reasonable that you might try to "get" something and not get it at all. null is appropriate here. But make sure you are consistent about this behavior across your application and you document it.
If an entity must contain a particular attribute then getter methods for that attribute should throw an exception if the entity cannot provide the attribute.
If it is optional for an entity to contain the attribute, then getter methods should not throw an exception.
Some scenarios will involve both cases, where in some contexts access to the attribute is mandatory and in other contexts it is optional. Then you should provide two "getter" methods, one that will throw an exception if the attribute cannot be returned, and the other an Optional value. I recommend using the method naming convention of getEntity for mandatory getter methods and findEntity for optional getter methods.
In the case where an entity must contain a particular attribute and the getter method cannot complete the request, you have a malformed entity. If your entity is throwing exceptions because it cannot return mandatory attributes you have a bug or problems with how you created the entity.
Entities should never be created without mandatory attributes. Constructors and factories should enforce mandatory attributes. For entities that must be created and not fully formed (like Data Access Objects) separate validation should be applied to the entities before being used. Or separate your domain entity and DAO into separate but equivalent types.
To describe the situation: you have a elaborate data hierarchy, with possibly a chained access:
x.getLiat().get(3).getAs().lookupB("a1").getC();
This may lead to a design with either expectable NullPointerExceptions to be handled (ugly) or Excptions.
Java 8 proposes Optional<T> to explicitly handle in one expression what otherwise could be a null.
x.getA().orElse(a).getB().orElseThrow(() -> new XException()).getC();
Better yet is to use java 8's streams, with filtering, mapping, find any/first capabilities.
private List<Car> cars = new ArrayList<>();
public Optional<String> getCarSeatSomething(String carName, String brandName) {
return cars.stream()
.filter((car) -> car.getName().equals(carName))
.flatMap{(car) -> car.getSeats())
.flatMap((seats) -> seats.getBrands())
.filter((brand) -> brand.getName().equals(brandName))
.findFirst();
}
i have got uml diagram from projectant and into entity i have got method getTotalPrice()
So this is my class:
public class UOrder {
#OneToMany
private List<Product> products;
....
public BigDecimal getTotalPrice(){
BigDecimal b = new BigDecimal(0.0);
for(Product p : products){
b.add(p.getPrice());
}
return b;
}
}
It is good idea to do it like that ? logical busines into entity ?
I have got only function in uml diagram not field totalPrice or something like that so i figure out that it must be like that ...
It's more like a matter of taste. For example, if you like Domain Driven Design philosophy it's a really good idea as the total price belongs to the UOrder class.
I think isn't bad, but I preferrer like (pseudo code):
public class UOrder {
...
public BigDecimal getTotalPrice() {
return PriceUtil.getTotalPrice(products);
}
}
public class PriceUtil {
public static BigDecimal getTotalPrice(List<Product> products) {
return sum-of-products;
}
... other userful and fancy price functions ...
}
because you usually need:
to calcuate VAT or
price of other class as Product or
price in other class as UOrder
and so on.
As an alternate point of view (an active record style data mapping object is just the persisted data in a handy form - a value object), here's what I think:
Given that you've said that the method is business logic, and given the well known domain that #Anton talks about - it's a bad idea. If you hadn't said it was business logic, I'd have questioned why you cared about that total in your application.
As an experiment, consider re-naming your mapped class UOrderData, treat it as a value object, and have a UOrder class that implements the business logic at application level.
Let's say I have multiple Objects to be stored:
Person ------------ Employee ------------ Sales Engineer
| |
Customer Field Engineer
So: Person, Customer, Employee, Sales Engineer, Field Engineer.
I need to keep track of all of these...what is the best way to store them? In an ArrayList? A custom ArrayList?
The way they are stored also may affect future expansion - in the future, these objects might be generated by fields from an SQL Server. (Also, this is an Android App - so that could be a factor.)
You'll want a List<Person>. Your diagram suggests inheritance, so you'll want to have a collection of the super class and let polymorphism do the rest.
Your code can do this:
List<Person> people = new ArrayList<Person>();
// Any class that extends person can be added
people.add(new Customer());
people.add(new FieldEngineer());
for (Person person : people) {
System.out.println(person);
}
Your design as expressed won't allow Engineers to be Customers, or Sales engineers to go into the Field, but that's the curse of inheritance in cases like yours.
A better design, if you need the flexibility, might be to keep the Person class and assign a Person a Role in decorator fashion.
A decorator would add behavior using composition rather than inheritance, like this:
public class Customer {
private Person person;
public Customer(Person p) { this.person = p; }
public void buyIt() { // do something customer like here }
}
public class FieldEngineer {
private Person person;
public FieldEngineer(Person p) { this.person = p; }
public void fixIt() { // do something field engineer like here }
}
Use a heterogenous list -- in java you can use generics like this List <Person>
If you are uncertain about how you will need to access objects in the future you may find that a HashTable <Person> affords a wide degree of flexibility.
Since it uses key-value pairs you can retrieve a specific object quickly and the .keys() method offers a means to traverse the entire set iteratively if you find that necessary.
I am assuming all of the objects are a part of a set?
Ideally, the Person should have a get/setCustomer and the Employee should have a get/setFieldEngineer and then the structure should be something like:
class CustomerRelationship{
public Employee employee;
public SalesEngineer salesEngineer;
public Person customer;
}
If the objects are not parts of a set, but are a list of Object, then you might want to reconsider your design. Or you could use instanceof everywhere ( bad ).
I'm struggling to come up with a good way of adding a bidirectional relation in OO model. Let's say there is a Customer who can place many Orders, that is to say there is a one-to-many association between Customer and Order classes that need to be traversable in both directions: for a particular customer it should be possible to tell all orders they have placed, for an order it should be possible to tell the customer.
Here is a snippet of Java code, although the question is largely language-agnostic:
class Customer {
private Set orders = new HashSet<Order> ();
public void placeOrder (Order o) {
orders.add(o);
o.setCustomer(this);
}
}
class Order {
private Customer customer;
public void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
}
}
What buggers me is that given the model someone could easily call:
o.setCustomer(c);
instead of correct
c.placeOrder(o);
forming unidirectional link instead of bidirectional one.
Still learning OOP, could anyone please help with what would be an idiomatic and practical way of solving this problem without resorting to "reflection" or fancy frameworks (that would anyway rely on reflection).
P.S. There is a similar question: Managing bidirectional associations in my java model, however I don't feel it answers my plea.
P.S.S. Any links to source code of real-life projects implementing business model on top of db4o are greatly appreciated!
This is a very interesting question, which has profound implications on the theory and practice of OOP. First I will tell you the quick and dirty way to (almost) accomplish what you requested. In general I don't recommend this solution, but since nobody mentioned it and (if memory doesn't fail me) it is mentioned in a book from Martin Fowler (UML Distilled), it is probably worth talking about; you can change the definition of the setCustomer method from:
public void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
}
to:
void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
}
and make sure Customer and Order are in the same package. If you don't specify an access modifier, setCustomer defaults to package visibility, which means it will be only accessible from classes within the same package. Obviously this does not protect you from illegitimate access from classes other than Customer within the same package. Also, your code will break if you decide to move Customer and Order in two different packages.
Package visibility is largely tolerated in common programming practice in Java; I feel like within the C++ community the friend modifier is not as tolerated as package visibility in Java, despite the fact that it serves a similar purpose. I can't really understand why, because friend is much more selective: basically for each class you can specify other friend classes and functions which will be able to access the private members of the first class.
However, there are no doubts that neither Java's package visibility nor C++'s friend are good representatives of what OOP means, and not even of what Object-Based Programming means (OOP is basically OBP plus inheritance and polymorphism; I'll use the term OOP from now on). The core aspect of OOP is that there are entities called objects, and they communicate by sending messages to each other. Objects have an internal state, but this state can only be altered by the object itself. State is typically structured i.e. it is basically a collection of fields such as name, age and orders. In most languages messages are synchronous and they can't be dropped by mistake, like a mail or a UDP packet. When you write c.placeOrder(o) it means that sender, which is this, is sending a message to c. The contents of this message are placeOrder and o.
When an object receives a message it must handle it. Java, C++, C# and a lot of other languages assume that an object can handle a message only if its class defines a method with an appropriate name and list of formal parameters. The set of the methods of a class is called its interface, and languages such as Java and C# also have an appropriate construct, namely interface to model the concept of a set of methods. The handler for the message c.placeOrder(o) is the method:
public void placeOrder(Order o) {
orders.add(o);
o.setCustomer(this);
}
The body of the method is where you write the instructions that will alter the state of object c, if necessary. In this example the orders field is modified.
This is, in essence, what OOP means. OOP was developed in the context of simulations, in which you basically have a lot of black boxes that communicate with each other, and each box is responsible for its own internal state.
Most modern languages adhere perfectly to this scheme, but only if you restrict yourself to private fields and public/protected methods. There are a few gotchas, though. For instance, within a method of class Customer you could access the private fields, such as orders, of another Customer object.
The two answers on the page you linked are actually very good, and I upvoted both. However, I think, it is completely reasonable with respect to OOP, to have a real bidirectional association, as you described. The reason is that to send a message to someone, you must have a reference to him. That is why I'll try to outline what the problem is, and why we OOP programmers sometimes struggle with this. Long story short, real OOP is sometimes tedious, and very akin to a complex formal method. But it produces code that is easier to read, modify and extend, and in general saves you from a lot of headaches. I've been wanting to write this down for a while, and I think your question is a good excuse to do it.
The main problem with OOP techniques arises whenever a group of object must alter the internal state simultaneously, as a result of an external request, dictated by business logic. For instance, when a person is hired, lots of stuff happen. 1) The employee must be configured to point to his department; 2) he must be added to the list of hired employees in the department; 3) something else must be added somewhere else, like a copy of the contract (maybe even a scan of it), insurance information and so on. The first two actions that I cited are exactly an example of establishing (and maintaining, when the employee is fired or transferred) a bidirectional association, like the one you described between customers and orders.
In procedural programming Person, Department and Contract would be structures, and a global procedure like hirePersonInDepartmentWithContract associated to the click of a button in an user interface would manipulate 3 instances of these structures by the means of three pointers. The entire business logic is inside this function, and it must take into consideration every possible special case while updating the state of these three objects. For instance, there is the possibility that when you click the button to hire someone, he is already employed in another department, or even worse in the same. And computer scientists know that special cases are bad. Hiring a person is basically a very complex use case, with lots of extensions which don't happen very often, but that must be considered.
Real OOP mandates instead that objects must exchange messages to accomplish this task. The business logic is split among the responsibilities of several objects. CRC cards are an informal tool to study business logic in OOP.
To get from the valid state where John is unemployed, to the other valid state where he is a project manager at the R&D department, it is necessary to go through a number of invalid states, at least one. So there is an initial state, an invalid state and a final state, and at least two messages exchanged between a person and a department. You can also be sure that one message must be received by the department, to give it a chance of altering its internal state, and another one must be received by the person, for the same reason. The middle state is invalid in the sense that it doesn't really exist in the real world, or maybe exists but is of no importance. However, the logical model in your application must in a way keep track of it.
Basically the idea is that when the human resource guy fills the "New Employee" JFrame and clicks the "Hire" JButton, the selected department is retrieved from a JComboBox, which in turn may have been populated from a database, and a new Person is created based on the information inside the various JComponents. Maybe a job contract is created containing at least the name of the position and the salary. Finally there is appropriate business logic that wires all the objects together and triggers updates for all the states. This business logic is triggered by a method called hire defined in class Department, which takes as arguments a Person and a Contract. All of this may happen in the ActionListener of the JButton.
Department department = (Department)cbDepartment.getSelectedItem();
Person person = new Person(tfFirstName.getText(), tfLastName.getText());
Contract contract = new Contract(tfPositionName.getText(), Integer.parseInt(tfSalary.getText()));
department.hire(person, contract);
I would like to stress what's going on at line 4, in OOP terms; this (which in our case is the ActionListener, is sending a message to department, saying they must hire person under contract. Let's have a look at a plausible implementation of these three classes.
Contract is a very simple class.
package com.example.payroll.domain;
public class Contract {
private String mPositionName;
private int mSalary;
public Contract(String positionName, int salary) {
mPositionName = positionName;
mSalary = salary;
}
public String getPositionName() {
return mPositionName;
}
public int getSalary() {
return mSalary;
}
/*
Not much business logic here. You can think
about a contract as a very simple, immutable type,
whose state doesn't change and that can't really
answer to any message, like a piece of paper.
*/
}
Person is way more interesting.
package com.example.payroll.domain;
public class Person {
private String mFirstName;
private String mLastName;
private Department mDepartment;
private boolean mResigning;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName) {
mFirstName = firstName;
mLastName = lastName;
mDepartment = null;
mResigning = false;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return mFirstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return mLastName;
}
public Department getDepartment() {
return mDepartment;
}
public boolean isResigning() {
return mResigning;
}
// ========== Business logic ==========
public void youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment != department);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
if (mDepartment != null)
resign();
mDepartment = department;
}
public void youAreFired() {
assert(mDepartment != null);
assert(mDepartment.isBeingFired(this));
mDepartment = null;
}
public void resign() {
assert(mDepartment != null);
mResigning = true;
mDepartment.iResign(this);
mDepartment = null;
mResigning = false;
}
}
Department is quite cool.
package com.example.payroll.domain;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class Department {
private String mName;
private Map<Person, Contract> mEmployees;
private Person mBeingHired;
private Person mBeingFired;
public Department(String name) {
mName = name;
mEmployees = new HashMap<Person, Contract>();
mBeingHired = null;
mBeingFired = null;
}
public String getName() {
return mName;
}
public Collection<Person> getEmployees() {
return mEmployees.keySet();
}
public Contract getContract(Person employee) {
return mEmployees.get(employee);
}
// ========== Business logic ==========
public boolean isBeingHired(Person person) {
return mBeingHired == person;
}
public boolean isBeingFired(Person person) {
return mBeingFired == person;
}
public void hire(Person person, Contract contract) {
assert(!mEmployees.containsKey(person));
assert(!mEmployees.containsValue(contract));
mBeingHired = person;
mBeingHired.youAreHired(this);
mEmployees.put(mBeingHired, contract);
mBeingHired = null;
}
public void fire(Person person) {
assert(mEmployees.containsKey(person));
mBeingFired = person;
mBeingFired.youAreFired();
mEmployees.remove(mBeingFired);
mBeingFired = null;
}
public void iResign(Person employee) {
assert(mEmployees.containsKey(employee));
assert(employee.isResigning());
mEmployees.remove(employee);
}
}
The messages I defined have, at the very least, very pittoresque names; in a real application you might not want to use names like these, but in the context of this example they help to model the interactions between objects in a meaningful and intuitive way.
Department can receive the following messages:
isBeingHired: the sender wants to know whether a particular person is in the process of being hired by the department.
isBeingFired: the sender wants to know whether a particular person is in the process of being fired by the department.
hire: the sender wants the department to hire a person with a specified contract.
fire: the sender wants the department to fire an employee.
iResign: the sender is likely an employee, and is telling the department that he is resigning.
Person can receive the following messages:
youAreHired: the department sends this message to inform the person that he is hired.
youAreFired: the department sends this message to inform the employee that he is fired.
resign: the sender wants the person to resign from his current position. Note that an employee who was hired by another department can send the resign message to himself in order to quit the old job.
The fields Person.mResigning, Department.isBeingHired, Department.isBeingFired are what I use to encode the aforementioned invalid states: when either one of them is "non-zero", the application is in an invalid state, but is on its way to a valid one.
Also note that there are no set methods; this contrasts with the common practice of working with JavaBeans. JavaBeans are in essence very similar to C structures, because they tend to have a set/get (or set/is for boolean) pair for every private property. However they do allow for validation of set, for instance you can check that a String being passed to a set method is not-null and not empty and eventually raise an exception.
I wrote this little library in less than a hour. Then I wrote a driver program and it worked correctly with the JVM -ea switch (enable assertions) at the very first run.
package com.example.payroll;
import com.example.payroll.domain.*;
public class App {
private static Department resAndDev;
private static Department production;
private static Department[] departments;
static {
resAndDev = new Department("Research & Development");
production = new Department("Production");
departments = new Department[] {resAndDev, production};
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person("John", "Smith");
printEmployees();
resAndDev.hire(person, new Contract("Project Manager", 3270));
printEmployees();
production.hire(person, new Contract("Quality Control Analyst", 3680));
printEmployees();
production.fire(person);
printEmployees();
}
private static void printEmployees() {
for (Department department : departments) {
System.out.println(String.format("Department: %s", department.getName()));
for (Person employee : department.getEmployees()) {
Contract contract = department.getContract(employee);
System.out.println(String.format(" %s. %s, %s. Salary: EUR %d", contract.getPositionName(), employee.getFirstName(), employee.getLastName(), contract.getSalary()));
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
The fact that it worked is not the cool thing though; the cool thing is that only the hiring or firing department is authorized to send youAreHired and youAreFired messages to the person that is being hired or fired; in a similar way, only a resigning employee can send the iResign message to its department, and only to that department; any other illegitimate message sent from main would trigger an assertion. In a real program you would use exceptions instead of assertions.
Is all of this overkill? This example is admittedly a little extreme. But I feel like this is the essence of OOP. Objects must cooperate to achieve a certain goal i.e. changing the global state of the application according to predetermined pieces of business logic, in this case hiring, firing and resign. Some programmers think that business problems are not suited for OOP, but I disagree; business problems are basically workflows, and they are very simple tasks by themselves, but they involve a lot of actors (i.e. objects), which communicate through messages. Inheritance, polymorphism, and all the patterns are welcome extensions, but they are not the base of the object-oriented process. In particular, reference-based associations are often preferred to implementation inheritance.
Note that by using static analysis, design-by-contract and automatic theorem provers, you would be able to verify that your program is correct, for any possible input, without running it. OOP is the abstraction framework that enables you to think this way. It is not necessarily more compact than procedural programming, and it does not automatically lead to code reuse. But I insist that it is easier to read, modify and extend; let's have a look at this method:
public void youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment != department);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
if (mDepartment != null)
resign();
mDepartment = department;
}
The business logic relevant to the use case is the assignment at the end; the if statement is an extension, a special case that only occurs when the person is already an employee in another department. The first three assertions describe forbidden special cases. If one day we want to forbid this automatic resign from the previous department we only need to modify this method:
public void youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment == null);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
mDepartment = department;
}
We can also extend the application by making youAreHired a boolean function, which returns true only if the old department is ok with the new hiring. Obviously we may need to change something else, in my case I made Person.resign a boolean function, which in turn may require Department.iResign to be a boolean function:
public boolean youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment != department);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
if (mDepartment != null)
if (!resign())
return false;
mDepartment = department;
return true;
}
Now the current employeer has the final word in determining whether an employee can be transferred to another department. The current department could delegate the responsibility of determining this to a Strategy which may in turn take into consideration the projects in which the employee is involved, their deadlines and various contractual constraints.
In essence, adding an order to a customer really is part of business logic. If a bidirectional association is required, and reflection is not an option, and none of the solutions proposed on this and the linked question are satisfactory, I think the only solution is something like this.
first, unless you plan on moving orders between customers, I think you shouldn't provide a setCustomer() method, the customer should be a parameter for the constructor and leave it unchanged.
then, the constructor shouldn't be accessible for the user, only use the factory method of Owner.
There is no single answer. It really depends on the classes involved. In your case, you obviously don't want to give people the option of doing something invalid so I would get rid of Order.SetCustomer.
That may not always be the case though. Like I said, it depends on the classes involved.
If you are maintaining the bidirectional relationship in Customer.placeOrder(Order), why don't you do the same thing in Order.setCustomer(Customer)?
class Order {
private Customer customer;
public void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
c.getOrders().add(this);
// ... or Customer.placeOrder(this)
}
}
It seems like duplicating code but it solves the problem. The simpler thing to do though is to avoid bidirectional relationships where possible.
I think the best way in this case is to delegate the responsibility for wiring to another class:
class OrderManager {
void placeOrder(Customer c, Order o){
c.addOrder(o);
o.setCustomer(c);
}
}
class Customer {
private Set<Order> orders = new LinkedHashSet<Order>();
void addOrder(Order o){ orders.add(o); }
}
class Order {
private Customer customer;
void setCustomer(Customer c){ this.customer=c; }
}