I have a SearchCriteria POJO class
public class SearchCriteria{
private int empId;
private String empName;
private String empAddress;
private String empDesignation,
:
:
//getter + setters
}
I have a returnAllEmployees method in other class
public List<Employees> returnAllEmployees (){
// makes a db call which has lot of joins and returns info for all the employees
}
now my question is I have to filter out the result of returnAllEmployees() based on the search criteria passed i.e. if empName field of searchcriteria is populated as "ABC", the filter list should contain details of all the employees as ABC.
Similarly, if search criteria contains empName="ABC" and empDesignation="engineer", it should filter out the list containing all the employees having name abc and designation as engineer
I know it is possible by using if-else but that would create a lot of lines of codes
Your best solution is to use Java 8 streams. They are perfect for this:
List<Employee> listOfEngineersCalledFred = getAllEmployees().stream()
.filter(emp -> emp.getName().equals("Fred"))
.filter(emp -> emp.getDesignation().equals("Engineer"))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
A technique that I personally find useful and neat is to add static methods that return predicates instead of using getters:
class Employee {
public static Predicate<Employee> hasName(String name) {
return emp -> emp.name.equals(name);
}
}
These can then be used, for example, to find all employees not call Fred:
streamAllEmployees()
.filter(Employee.hasName("Fred").negate())
...
Which seems neater and more deliberate than exposing the field with a getter.
You also might consider converting your getAllEmployees to streamAllEmployees:
public Stream<Employee> streamAllEmployees() {
return employeeList.stream();
}
Then you are telling the user they can do things with the employee objects in the list rather than the list itself.
The nice thing about returning it as a stream is that once you have filtered it you can easily count, group, sort, remove duplicates, get first n etc. You can even trivially convert it to use multiple threads if you are filtering large numbers of items.
For example:
Map<String, Employee> employeesByDesignation = streamAllEmployees()
.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(emp -> emp.getDesignation()));
They are very powerful and worth learning and using.
This isn't another how do I get an object from a collection. I have a predicament that is troubling me. I will do my best to explain the problem clearly.
I am working on a game, this game revolves around players looking after pets. I have decided it would be appropriate to have an arrayList of a players pets. (so an ArrayList allPets etc... in the players class)
My problem is when a player wants to do something with his/hers pets e.g. feed it how can I know exactly which index to use in the get method of the arrayList so I feed the correct pet?
This may be a simple problem but its confusing me, I am in the process of rigging up all the methods between player and pet but it dawned on me how will I actually know which pet object has been clicked. At the moment I have simply been passing in a pet object which I created for the purpose of testing the methods. That's not going to cut it when It comes to actual pet objects on the screen...
Any insight would be much appreciated!!
Give the Pet objects, a unique primary key. An integer ID field is popular, extremely efficient & sufficient to handle all but the largest transaction volumes.
Then, you can maintain a Map and efficiently get Pets by ID. This pattern can be used throughout your model.
With commercial applications backed by a SQL database, the similar pattern is used as well -- but retrieval is done via Hibernate.
Simple example:
public class Player {
protected List<Pet> petList = new ArrayList();
protected Map<Integer,Pet> petMap = new HashMap();
public List<Pet> getPets() {return petList;}
public Pet getPetById (int id) {return petMap.get( id);}
public void addPet (Pet pet) {
petList.add( pet);
petMap.put( pet.getId(), pet);
}
}
public class Pet {
protected int id;
// Id;
public int getId() {return id;}
// create; static factory.
//
public static Pet createPet() {
Pet pet = new Pet();
pet.id = KeyAllocator.alloc("pet");
return pet;
}
}
Hint: you can use LinkedHashMap to retain order of the Pets, without having to keep a List as well; but it changes getPets() return-type from List to Collection, which is a bit less nice.
KeyAllocator.alloc() enables you to re-use the allocation logic; basically it should start at 1 and increment inside a 'synchronized' block. (Avoid 0, since if you ever store your data with a persistence layer, 0 tends to mean 'new'.)
Hey im just wondering what would be the best collection to use when creating a store for employee details such as name, age address, dob, wages and email address. the store needs all the bare essentials such as add, edit, remove, remove all and searchBy.
Well you'd probably want a fast search, so a hashing structure with the key as the fiend you want to search by could be the best solution. For example, if you want to search by name, you can create a class like this:
public class EmployeeStore {
private Map<String, Employee> employees;
public EmployeeStore() {
employees = new HashMap<String, Employee>();
}
public void add(Employee e) {
employees.add(e.getName(), e);
}
public Employee searchByName(String name) {
return employees.get(name);
}
// etc.
}
and implement the required methods based on your needs using the employees data structure. If the search is done by name you can have the name as the key string.
Unfortunately, searching by a different field than the index will require a linear search which will be slow if you have a huge number of entries.
Simply create a class for your employee entity like something below:
public class Employee
{
String name;
public void setName(String nm)
{
this.name=nm;
}
public String getName()
{
return this.name;
}
//Other variables and associated getter and setters
}
Now you can create a collection of Employee objects:
ArrayList<Employee> employees=new ArrayList<Employee>();
Or you may use any other collections you want.
Then you need to implement some logics for the methods you want like
Update(), Delete()
You should use HashMap or Map for faster search capability!
The specific "best" collection to use will depend on the access needs and the data constraints. But you might encapsulate multiple collections in a single EmployeeStore class for access in multiple ways.
If you need for example to search by name, and can guarantee names are unique, a Map<String, Employee> with names stored as key would allow you to quickly find an employee with a given name. If the names are not guaranteed to be unique, you might need instead a Map<String, List<Employee>>.
For searches based on other fields, you could maintain other maps with the appropriate keys.
The implementations of your add, remove and edit methods would of course have to update all the maps you use appropriately.
If your searches are more complex than simple lookups by key, or if your data is large, you likely need to back your EmployeeStore with a database instead of just using collections.
I am teaching myself Java and I have a simple package with three classes - shop, product and shelf. A shop object contains many shelves, and a shelf contains many products, and, in this case, each product is only available on one shelf.
A product looks like this:
public class t_product {
private t_shelf shelf;
private String name;
}
And a shelf looks like this:
public class t_shelf {
private Set<t_product> products = new HashSet<>();
private String name;
}
The shop object looks like this:
public class t_shop {
private Set<t_shelf> shelves = new HashSet<>();
}
I also have a set of functions which will add or remove a product from the shelf.
myshelf.addProduct(myproduct);
will set myproduct.shelf = myshelf, and add myproduct to myshelf.products. This works fine, and handles the relationship nicely. Similar functions link shop and shelves.
Moving on to the problem
I have a .csv which stores:
Product | Shelf
----------------------
Hats | Headwear
Helmets | Headwear
Socks | Footwear
Apples | Fruit
Bananas | Fruit
Oranges | Fruit
When parsing the .csv, I want to search for the shelf by name to see if it has already been created, so, for example, on reading a line "Bananas, Fruit", it would process:
if (!myshop.getShelfByName("Fruit")){
myshop.addShelf(new t_shelf("Fruit"));
}
myshop.getShelfByName("Fruit").addProduct("Bananas"); //Constructors accept the name as a parameter.
My question is:
Is there a neater implementation of getShelfByName(String name) than simply iterating through the HashSet and checking for the name against every single item? (Want to avoid O(N) algorithms).
Thanks!
Any attempt to solve this VERY gratefully received :)
If you're creating classes of objects to be held in a HashSet, you must give these classes decent equals() and hashCode() override methods, ones that make sense and that play well together (that for one use the same invariant fields to determine their results).
As for your specific question, consider putting things in HashMaps rather than HashSets, as then you can easily find the object by its key.
You should store your shelves in a HashMap (the key should be the name of the shelve).
You will have a O(1) algorithm.
public class t_shop {
private Map<String, t_shelf> shelves = new HashMap<String, t_shelf>();
public void addShelve(t_shelf) {
shelves.put(t_shelf.getName(), t_shelf);
}
public tshelf getShelfByName(String name) {
return shelves.get(name);
}
}
t_shelf shelf = myshop.getShelfByName("Fruit");
if (null != shelf){
shelf = new t_shelf("Fruit");
myshop.addShelf(shelf);
}
shelf.addProduct("Bananas");
Using a HashMap instead of a Set would make looking for a named shelf trivial:
private Map<String, t_shelf> shelves = new HashMap<>();
// ...
if (shelves.contains(name)) {
t_shelf shelf = shelves.get(name);
shelf.addProduct(product);
I'm struggling to come up with a good way of adding a bidirectional relation in OO model. Let's say there is a Customer who can place many Orders, that is to say there is a one-to-many association between Customer and Order classes that need to be traversable in both directions: for a particular customer it should be possible to tell all orders they have placed, for an order it should be possible to tell the customer.
Here is a snippet of Java code, although the question is largely language-agnostic:
class Customer {
private Set orders = new HashSet<Order> ();
public void placeOrder (Order o) {
orders.add(o);
o.setCustomer(this);
}
}
class Order {
private Customer customer;
public void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
}
}
What buggers me is that given the model someone could easily call:
o.setCustomer(c);
instead of correct
c.placeOrder(o);
forming unidirectional link instead of bidirectional one.
Still learning OOP, could anyone please help with what would be an idiomatic and practical way of solving this problem without resorting to "reflection" or fancy frameworks (that would anyway rely on reflection).
P.S. There is a similar question: Managing bidirectional associations in my java model, however I don't feel it answers my plea.
P.S.S. Any links to source code of real-life projects implementing business model on top of db4o are greatly appreciated!
This is a very interesting question, which has profound implications on the theory and practice of OOP. First I will tell you the quick and dirty way to (almost) accomplish what you requested. In general I don't recommend this solution, but since nobody mentioned it and (if memory doesn't fail me) it is mentioned in a book from Martin Fowler (UML Distilled), it is probably worth talking about; you can change the definition of the setCustomer method from:
public void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
}
to:
void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
}
and make sure Customer and Order are in the same package. If you don't specify an access modifier, setCustomer defaults to package visibility, which means it will be only accessible from classes within the same package. Obviously this does not protect you from illegitimate access from classes other than Customer within the same package. Also, your code will break if you decide to move Customer and Order in two different packages.
Package visibility is largely tolerated in common programming practice in Java; I feel like within the C++ community the friend modifier is not as tolerated as package visibility in Java, despite the fact that it serves a similar purpose. I can't really understand why, because friend is much more selective: basically for each class you can specify other friend classes and functions which will be able to access the private members of the first class.
However, there are no doubts that neither Java's package visibility nor C++'s friend are good representatives of what OOP means, and not even of what Object-Based Programming means (OOP is basically OBP plus inheritance and polymorphism; I'll use the term OOP from now on). The core aspect of OOP is that there are entities called objects, and they communicate by sending messages to each other. Objects have an internal state, but this state can only be altered by the object itself. State is typically structured i.e. it is basically a collection of fields such as name, age and orders. In most languages messages are synchronous and they can't be dropped by mistake, like a mail or a UDP packet. When you write c.placeOrder(o) it means that sender, which is this, is sending a message to c. The contents of this message are placeOrder and o.
When an object receives a message it must handle it. Java, C++, C# and a lot of other languages assume that an object can handle a message only if its class defines a method with an appropriate name and list of formal parameters. The set of the methods of a class is called its interface, and languages such as Java and C# also have an appropriate construct, namely interface to model the concept of a set of methods. The handler for the message c.placeOrder(o) is the method:
public void placeOrder(Order o) {
orders.add(o);
o.setCustomer(this);
}
The body of the method is where you write the instructions that will alter the state of object c, if necessary. In this example the orders field is modified.
This is, in essence, what OOP means. OOP was developed in the context of simulations, in which you basically have a lot of black boxes that communicate with each other, and each box is responsible for its own internal state.
Most modern languages adhere perfectly to this scheme, but only if you restrict yourself to private fields and public/protected methods. There are a few gotchas, though. For instance, within a method of class Customer you could access the private fields, such as orders, of another Customer object.
The two answers on the page you linked are actually very good, and I upvoted both. However, I think, it is completely reasonable with respect to OOP, to have a real bidirectional association, as you described. The reason is that to send a message to someone, you must have a reference to him. That is why I'll try to outline what the problem is, and why we OOP programmers sometimes struggle with this. Long story short, real OOP is sometimes tedious, and very akin to a complex formal method. But it produces code that is easier to read, modify and extend, and in general saves you from a lot of headaches. I've been wanting to write this down for a while, and I think your question is a good excuse to do it.
The main problem with OOP techniques arises whenever a group of object must alter the internal state simultaneously, as a result of an external request, dictated by business logic. For instance, when a person is hired, lots of stuff happen. 1) The employee must be configured to point to his department; 2) he must be added to the list of hired employees in the department; 3) something else must be added somewhere else, like a copy of the contract (maybe even a scan of it), insurance information and so on. The first two actions that I cited are exactly an example of establishing (and maintaining, when the employee is fired or transferred) a bidirectional association, like the one you described between customers and orders.
In procedural programming Person, Department and Contract would be structures, and a global procedure like hirePersonInDepartmentWithContract associated to the click of a button in an user interface would manipulate 3 instances of these structures by the means of three pointers. The entire business logic is inside this function, and it must take into consideration every possible special case while updating the state of these three objects. For instance, there is the possibility that when you click the button to hire someone, he is already employed in another department, or even worse in the same. And computer scientists know that special cases are bad. Hiring a person is basically a very complex use case, with lots of extensions which don't happen very often, but that must be considered.
Real OOP mandates instead that objects must exchange messages to accomplish this task. The business logic is split among the responsibilities of several objects. CRC cards are an informal tool to study business logic in OOP.
To get from the valid state where John is unemployed, to the other valid state where he is a project manager at the R&D department, it is necessary to go through a number of invalid states, at least one. So there is an initial state, an invalid state and a final state, and at least two messages exchanged between a person and a department. You can also be sure that one message must be received by the department, to give it a chance of altering its internal state, and another one must be received by the person, for the same reason. The middle state is invalid in the sense that it doesn't really exist in the real world, or maybe exists but is of no importance. However, the logical model in your application must in a way keep track of it.
Basically the idea is that when the human resource guy fills the "New Employee" JFrame and clicks the "Hire" JButton, the selected department is retrieved from a JComboBox, which in turn may have been populated from a database, and a new Person is created based on the information inside the various JComponents. Maybe a job contract is created containing at least the name of the position and the salary. Finally there is appropriate business logic that wires all the objects together and triggers updates for all the states. This business logic is triggered by a method called hire defined in class Department, which takes as arguments a Person and a Contract. All of this may happen in the ActionListener of the JButton.
Department department = (Department)cbDepartment.getSelectedItem();
Person person = new Person(tfFirstName.getText(), tfLastName.getText());
Contract contract = new Contract(tfPositionName.getText(), Integer.parseInt(tfSalary.getText()));
department.hire(person, contract);
I would like to stress what's going on at line 4, in OOP terms; this (which in our case is the ActionListener, is sending a message to department, saying they must hire person under contract. Let's have a look at a plausible implementation of these three classes.
Contract is a very simple class.
package com.example.payroll.domain;
public class Contract {
private String mPositionName;
private int mSalary;
public Contract(String positionName, int salary) {
mPositionName = positionName;
mSalary = salary;
}
public String getPositionName() {
return mPositionName;
}
public int getSalary() {
return mSalary;
}
/*
Not much business logic here. You can think
about a contract as a very simple, immutable type,
whose state doesn't change and that can't really
answer to any message, like a piece of paper.
*/
}
Person is way more interesting.
package com.example.payroll.domain;
public class Person {
private String mFirstName;
private String mLastName;
private Department mDepartment;
private boolean mResigning;
public Person(String firstName, String lastName) {
mFirstName = firstName;
mLastName = lastName;
mDepartment = null;
mResigning = false;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return mFirstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return mLastName;
}
public Department getDepartment() {
return mDepartment;
}
public boolean isResigning() {
return mResigning;
}
// ========== Business logic ==========
public void youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment != department);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
if (mDepartment != null)
resign();
mDepartment = department;
}
public void youAreFired() {
assert(mDepartment != null);
assert(mDepartment.isBeingFired(this));
mDepartment = null;
}
public void resign() {
assert(mDepartment != null);
mResigning = true;
mDepartment.iResign(this);
mDepartment = null;
mResigning = false;
}
}
Department is quite cool.
package com.example.payroll.domain;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class Department {
private String mName;
private Map<Person, Contract> mEmployees;
private Person mBeingHired;
private Person mBeingFired;
public Department(String name) {
mName = name;
mEmployees = new HashMap<Person, Contract>();
mBeingHired = null;
mBeingFired = null;
}
public String getName() {
return mName;
}
public Collection<Person> getEmployees() {
return mEmployees.keySet();
}
public Contract getContract(Person employee) {
return mEmployees.get(employee);
}
// ========== Business logic ==========
public boolean isBeingHired(Person person) {
return mBeingHired == person;
}
public boolean isBeingFired(Person person) {
return mBeingFired == person;
}
public void hire(Person person, Contract contract) {
assert(!mEmployees.containsKey(person));
assert(!mEmployees.containsValue(contract));
mBeingHired = person;
mBeingHired.youAreHired(this);
mEmployees.put(mBeingHired, contract);
mBeingHired = null;
}
public void fire(Person person) {
assert(mEmployees.containsKey(person));
mBeingFired = person;
mBeingFired.youAreFired();
mEmployees.remove(mBeingFired);
mBeingFired = null;
}
public void iResign(Person employee) {
assert(mEmployees.containsKey(employee));
assert(employee.isResigning());
mEmployees.remove(employee);
}
}
The messages I defined have, at the very least, very pittoresque names; in a real application you might not want to use names like these, but in the context of this example they help to model the interactions between objects in a meaningful and intuitive way.
Department can receive the following messages:
isBeingHired: the sender wants to know whether a particular person is in the process of being hired by the department.
isBeingFired: the sender wants to know whether a particular person is in the process of being fired by the department.
hire: the sender wants the department to hire a person with a specified contract.
fire: the sender wants the department to fire an employee.
iResign: the sender is likely an employee, and is telling the department that he is resigning.
Person can receive the following messages:
youAreHired: the department sends this message to inform the person that he is hired.
youAreFired: the department sends this message to inform the employee that he is fired.
resign: the sender wants the person to resign from his current position. Note that an employee who was hired by another department can send the resign message to himself in order to quit the old job.
The fields Person.mResigning, Department.isBeingHired, Department.isBeingFired are what I use to encode the aforementioned invalid states: when either one of them is "non-zero", the application is in an invalid state, but is on its way to a valid one.
Also note that there are no set methods; this contrasts with the common practice of working with JavaBeans. JavaBeans are in essence very similar to C structures, because they tend to have a set/get (or set/is for boolean) pair for every private property. However they do allow for validation of set, for instance you can check that a String being passed to a set method is not-null and not empty and eventually raise an exception.
I wrote this little library in less than a hour. Then I wrote a driver program and it worked correctly with the JVM -ea switch (enable assertions) at the very first run.
package com.example.payroll;
import com.example.payroll.domain.*;
public class App {
private static Department resAndDev;
private static Department production;
private static Department[] departments;
static {
resAndDev = new Department("Research & Development");
production = new Department("Production");
departments = new Department[] {resAndDev, production};
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person("John", "Smith");
printEmployees();
resAndDev.hire(person, new Contract("Project Manager", 3270));
printEmployees();
production.hire(person, new Contract("Quality Control Analyst", 3680));
printEmployees();
production.fire(person);
printEmployees();
}
private static void printEmployees() {
for (Department department : departments) {
System.out.println(String.format("Department: %s", department.getName()));
for (Person employee : department.getEmployees()) {
Contract contract = department.getContract(employee);
System.out.println(String.format(" %s. %s, %s. Salary: EUR %d", contract.getPositionName(), employee.getFirstName(), employee.getLastName(), contract.getSalary()));
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
The fact that it worked is not the cool thing though; the cool thing is that only the hiring or firing department is authorized to send youAreHired and youAreFired messages to the person that is being hired or fired; in a similar way, only a resigning employee can send the iResign message to its department, and only to that department; any other illegitimate message sent from main would trigger an assertion. In a real program you would use exceptions instead of assertions.
Is all of this overkill? This example is admittedly a little extreme. But I feel like this is the essence of OOP. Objects must cooperate to achieve a certain goal i.e. changing the global state of the application according to predetermined pieces of business logic, in this case hiring, firing and resign. Some programmers think that business problems are not suited for OOP, but I disagree; business problems are basically workflows, and they are very simple tasks by themselves, but they involve a lot of actors (i.e. objects), which communicate through messages. Inheritance, polymorphism, and all the patterns are welcome extensions, but they are not the base of the object-oriented process. In particular, reference-based associations are often preferred to implementation inheritance.
Note that by using static analysis, design-by-contract and automatic theorem provers, you would be able to verify that your program is correct, for any possible input, without running it. OOP is the abstraction framework that enables you to think this way. It is not necessarily more compact than procedural programming, and it does not automatically lead to code reuse. But I insist that it is easier to read, modify and extend; let's have a look at this method:
public void youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment != department);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
if (mDepartment != null)
resign();
mDepartment = department;
}
The business logic relevant to the use case is the assignment at the end; the if statement is an extension, a special case that only occurs when the person is already an employee in another department. The first three assertions describe forbidden special cases. If one day we want to forbid this automatic resign from the previous department we only need to modify this method:
public void youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment == null);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
mDepartment = department;
}
We can also extend the application by making youAreHired a boolean function, which returns true only if the old department is ok with the new hiring. Obviously we may need to change something else, in my case I made Person.resign a boolean function, which in turn may require Department.iResign to be a boolean function:
public boolean youAreHired(Department department) {
assert(department != null);
assert(mDepartment != department);
assert(department.isBeingHired(this));
if (mDepartment != null)
if (!resign())
return false;
mDepartment = department;
return true;
}
Now the current employeer has the final word in determining whether an employee can be transferred to another department. The current department could delegate the responsibility of determining this to a Strategy which may in turn take into consideration the projects in which the employee is involved, their deadlines and various contractual constraints.
In essence, adding an order to a customer really is part of business logic. If a bidirectional association is required, and reflection is not an option, and none of the solutions proposed on this and the linked question are satisfactory, I think the only solution is something like this.
first, unless you plan on moving orders between customers, I think you shouldn't provide a setCustomer() method, the customer should be a parameter for the constructor and leave it unchanged.
then, the constructor shouldn't be accessible for the user, only use the factory method of Owner.
There is no single answer. It really depends on the classes involved. In your case, you obviously don't want to give people the option of doing something invalid so I would get rid of Order.SetCustomer.
That may not always be the case though. Like I said, it depends on the classes involved.
If you are maintaining the bidirectional relationship in Customer.placeOrder(Order), why don't you do the same thing in Order.setCustomer(Customer)?
class Order {
private Customer customer;
public void setCustomer (Customer c) {
customer = c;
c.getOrders().add(this);
// ... or Customer.placeOrder(this)
}
}
It seems like duplicating code but it solves the problem. The simpler thing to do though is to avoid bidirectional relationships where possible.
I think the best way in this case is to delegate the responsibility for wiring to another class:
class OrderManager {
void placeOrder(Customer c, Order o){
c.addOrder(o);
o.setCustomer(c);
}
}
class Customer {
private Set<Order> orders = new LinkedHashSet<Order>();
void addOrder(Order o){ orders.add(o); }
}
class Order {
private Customer customer;
void setCustomer(Customer c){ this.customer=c; }
}