Develop Reference

How to rotate an object around another moving object in java?

I'm quite new to Java and want to program an easy sun system where the moon rotates around the earth and the earth around the sun.
Everything works well except the moon doesn't want to move correctly :/
Because the earth diverges from the moon's initial position, the rotation radius of the moon grows accordingly to that distance. And again when the earth gets closer to the moons inertial position, the rotation radius decreases.
If the initial position is (0;0), it works but the moon hits the sun...
So how can I keep the distance between earth and moon constant?
I'm using AffineTransforms and here is a snippet of my code ;)
Thanks in advance!
Ellipse2D.Double MoonFrame = new Ellipse2D.Double(orbitEarth + orbitMoon - radiusMoon, -radiusMoon, radiusMoon*2, radiusMoon*2);
for (int i = 0; i < 360; i++)
{
theta += Math.PI/30;
AffineTransform TransformMoon = AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(theta,TransformEarth.getTranslateX(),TransformEarth.getTranslateY());
g2d.fill(TransformMond.createTransformedShape(MoonFrame));
}

So, your basic question comes down to "how do I find a point on a circle for a give angle" ... seriously, it's that simple
Based on many hours of googling and trial and error, I basically use the following, more or less.
protected Point pointOnCircle() {
double rads = Math.toRadians(orbitAngle - 180); // Make 0 point out to the right...
int fullLength = Math.round((outterRadius));
// Calculate the outter point of the line
int xPosy = Math.round((float) (Math.cos(rads) * fullLength));
int yPosy = Math.round((float) (Math.sin(rads) * fullLength));
return new Point(xPosy, yPosy);
}
The rest basically comes down to properly handling the compounding nature of transformations,
Basically, this takes a base Graphics context, applies the translation to it (the Earth's position) and creates two other contexts off it to apply additional transformations, one for the Earth and one for the moon...
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g.create();
int yPos = (getHeight() - size) / 2;
// Transform the offset
g2d.transform(AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(xPos, yPos));
Graphics2D earthG = (Graphics2D) g2d.create();
// Rotate around the 0x0 point, this becomes the center point
earthG.transform(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(Math.toRadians(angle)));
// Draw the "earth" around the center point
earthG.drawRect(-(size / 2), -(size / 2), size, size);
earthG.dispose();
// Removes the last transformation
Graphics2D moonG = (Graphics2D) g2d.create();
// Calclate the point on the circle - based on the outterRadius or
// distance from the center point of the earth
Point poc = pointOnCircle();
int moonSize = size / 2;
// This is only a visial guide used to show the position of the earth
//moonG.drawOval(-outterRadius, -outterRadius, outterRadius * 2, outterRadius * 2);
moonG.fillOval(poc.x - (moonSize / 2), poc.y - (moonSize / 2), moonSize, moonSize);
moonG.dispose();
g2d.dispose();
And because I know how much that would have you scratching your head, a runnable example...
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Point;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
import javax.swing.Timer;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Test();
}
public Test() {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
#Override
public void run() {
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.add(new TestPane());
frame.pack();
frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
});
}
public class TestPane extends JPanel {
private double angle;
private double orbitAngle;
private int xPos = 0;
private int size = 20;
private int outterRadius = size * 2;
private int delta = 2;
public TestPane() {
new Timer(40, new ActionListener() {
#Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
xPos += delta;
if (xPos + size >= getWidth()) {
xPos = getWidth() - size;
delta *= -1;
} else if (xPos < 0) {
xPos = 0;
delta *= -1;
}
angle += 4;
orbitAngle -= 2;
repaint();
}
}).start();
}
#Override
public Dimension getPreferredSize() {
return new Dimension(400, 200);
}
protected Point pointOnCircle() {
double rads = Math.toRadians(orbitAngle - 180); // Make 0 point out to the right...
int fullLength = Math.round((outterRadius));
// Calculate the outter point of the line
int xPosy = Math.round((float) (Math.cos(rads) * fullLength));
int yPosy = Math.round((float) (Math.sin(rads) * fullLength));
return new Point(xPosy, yPosy);
}
#Override
protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g.create();
int yPos = (getHeight() - size) / 2;
// Transform the offset
g2d.transform(AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(xPos, yPos));
Graphics2D earthG = (Graphics2D) g2d.create();
// Rotate around the 0x0 point, this becomes the center point
earthG.transform(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(Math.toRadians(angle)));
// Draw the "earth" around the center point
earthG.drawRect(-(size / 2), -(size / 2), size, size);
earthG.dispose();
// Removes the last transformation
Graphics2D moonG = (Graphics2D) g2d.create();
// Calclate the point on the circle - based on the outterRadius or
// distance from the center point of the earth
Point poc = pointOnCircle();
int moonSize = size / 2;
// This is only a visial guide used to show the position of the earth
//moonG.drawOval(-outterRadius, -outterRadius, outterRadius * 2, outterRadius * 2);
moonG.fillOval(poc.x - (moonSize / 2), poc.y - (moonSize / 2), moonSize, moonSize);
moonG.dispose();
g2d.dispose();
}
}
}
This moves a "Earth" object, which is rotating in one direction and then rotates the moon around it, in the opposite direction

You can simplify your math by concatenating transforms. Work backwards from the last transform to the first, or use preConcatenate to build them in a more natural order.
Compose complex transforms from simple transforms, for example by building an orbital transform from a translate and a rotate:
// Earth transform.
// Set the orbital radius to 1/3rd the panel width
AffineTransform earthTx = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(getWidth() / 3, 0);
// Rotate
earthTx.preConcatenate(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(angle));
Later transforms (e.g. the moon orbiting the earth) can then be built on top of earlier results:
// Moon transform.
// Set the orbital radius to 1/10th the panel width
AffineTransform moonTx = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(getWidth() / 10, 0);
// Rotate
moonTx.preConcatenate(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(angle));
// Add the earth transform
moonTx.preConcatenate(earthTx);
Full example:
public class Orbit {
public static class OrbitPanel extends JComponent {
int width;
int height;
public OrbitPanel(int width, int height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}
#Override
public Dimension getPreferredSize() {
return new Dimension(width, height);
}
#Override
public void paint(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
// Clear the background.
g2.setColor(getBackground());
g2.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
// Sun transform. Just centre it in the window.
AffineTransform sunTx = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(getWidth() / 2, getHeight() / 2);
// Draw the sun
g2.setTransform(sunTx);
drawBody(g2, 30, Color.YELLOW);
// Orbital period.
// One rotation every 10s.
double percentRotation = System.currentTimeMillis() % 10000 / 10000.0;
// To radians.
double angle = Math.PI * 2 * percentRotation;
// Earth transform.
// Set the orbital radius to 1/3rd the panel width
AffineTransform earthTx = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(getWidth() / 3, 0);
// Rotate
earthTx.preConcatenate(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(angle));
// Add the sun transform
earthTx.preConcatenate(sunTx);
// Draw the earth
g2.setTransform(earthTx);
drawBody(g2, 10, Color.BLUE);
// Moon transform.
// Set the orbital radius to 1/10th the panel width
AffineTransform moonTx = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(getWidth() / 10, 0);
// Rotate
moonTx.preConcatenate(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(angle));
// Add the earth transform (already includes the sun transform)
moonTx.preConcatenate(earthTx);
// Draw the moon
g2.setTransform(moonTx);
drawBody(g2, 5, Color.DARK_GRAY);
}
private void drawBody(Graphics2D g2, int size, Color color) {
g2.setColor(color);
g2.fillOval(-size / 2, -size / 2, size, size);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Orbit");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
JComponent orbitPanel = new OrbitPanel(250, 250);
frame.add(orbitPanel);
frame.pack();
frame.setVisible(true);
while (true) {
Thread.sleep(20);
orbitPanel.repaint();
}
}
}

Fastest way to render 2D tiles using LWJGL?

I started watching these tutorials for creating a 2d top-down game using LWJGL and I read that VBO's should be fast but for rendering 48*48 tiles per frame I get only about 100FPS which is pretty slow because I will add a lot more stuff to the game than just some static, not moving or changing, tiles.
What can I do to make this faster? Keep in mind that I just started learning lwjgl and opengl so I probably won't know many things.
Anyways, here are some parts of my code (I removed some parts from the code that were kinda meaningless and replaced them with some descriptions):
The main loop
double targetFPS = 240.0;
double targetUPS = 60.0;
long initialTime = System.nanoTime();
final double timeU = 1000000000 / targetUPS;
final double timeF = 1000000000 / targetFPS;
double deltaU = 0, deltaF = 0;
int frames = 0, updates = 0;
long timer = System.currentTimeMillis();
while (!window.shouldClose()) {
long currentTime = System.nanoTime();
deltaU += (currentTime - initialTime) / timeU;
deltaF += (currentTime - initialTime) / timeF;
initialTime = currentTime;
if (deltaU >= 1) {
// --- [ update ] ---
--INPUT HANDLING FOR BASIC MOVEMENT, CLOSING THE GAME AND TURNING VSYNC ON AND OFF USING A METHOD FROM THE INPUT HANDLER CLASS--
world.correctCamera(camera, window);
window.update();
updates++;
deltaU--;
}
if (deltaF >= 1) {
// --- [ render ] ---
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
world.render(tileRenderer, shader, camera, window);
window.swapBuffers();
frames++;
deltaF--;
}
--PRINTING THE FPS AND UPS EVERY SECOND--
}
The input handler methods used:
I have this in my constructor:
this.keys = new boolean[GLFW_KEY_LAST];
for(int i = 0; i < GLFW_KEY_LAST; i++)
keys[i] = false;
And here are the methods:
public boolean isKeyDown(int key) {
return glfwGetKey(window, key) == 1;
}
public boolean isKeyPressed(int key) {
return (isKeyDown(key) && !keys[key]);
}
public void update() {
for(int i = 32; i < GLFW_KEY_LAST; i++)
keys[i] = isKeyDown(i);
}
This is the render method from the World class:
public void render(TileRenderer renderer, Shader shader, Camera camera, Window window) {
int posX = ((int) camera.getPosition().x + (window.getWidth() / 2)) / (scale * 2);
int posY = ((int) camera.getPosition().y - (window.getHeight() / 2)) / (scale * 2);
for (int i = 0; i < view; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < view; j++) {
Tile t = getTile(i - posX, j + posY);
if (t != null)
renderer.renderTile(t, i - posX, -j - posY, shader, world, camera);
}
}
}
This is the renderTile() method from TileRenderer:
public void renderTile(Tile tile, int x, int y, Shader shader, Matrix4f world, Camera camera) {
shader.bind();
if (tileTextures.containsKey(tile.getTexture()))
tileTextures.get(tile.getTexture()).bind(0);
Matrix4f tilePosition = new Matrix4f().translate(new Vector3f(x * 2, y * 2, 0));
Matrix4f target = new Matrix4f();
camera.getProjection().mul(world, target);
target.mul(tilePosition);
shader.setUniform("sampler", 0);
shader.setUniform("projection", target);
model.render();
}
This is the constructor and render method from Model class:
public Model(float[] vertices, float[] texture_coords, int[] indices) {
draw_count = indices.length;
v_id = glGenBuffers();
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, v_id);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, createBuffer(vertices), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
t_id = glGenBuffers();
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, t_id);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, createBuffer(texture_coords), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
i_id = glGenBuffers();
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, i_id);
IntBuffer buffer = BufferUtils.createIntBuffer(indices.length);
buffer.put(indices);
buffer.flip();
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
}
public void render() {
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, v_id);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, t_id);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, i_id);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, draw_count, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(1);
}
I store the vertices, texture coords and indices in the tile renderer:
float[] vertices = new float[]{
-1f, 1f, 0, //top left 0
1f, 1f, 0, //top right 1
1f, -1f, 0, //bottom right 2
-1f, -1f, 0, //bottom left 3
};
float[] texture = new float[]{
0, 0,
1, 0,
1, 1,
0, 1,
};
int[] indices = new int[]{
0, 1, 2,
2, 3, 0
};
I don't know what else to put here but the full source code and resources + shader files are available on github here.

With your current system, what I would recommend doing is grouping your tiles based on texture. Create something like this:
Map<Texture, List<Tile>> tiles = new HashMap<Texture, List<Tile>>()
Then when you go to render your map of tiles, you will only need to set the texture once per group of tiles, rather than once per tile. This saves PCI-E bandwidth for pushing textures/texture ids to the GPU. You would achieve that like this (pseudo code):
for (Texture tex : tile.keySet())
{
BIND TEXTURE
for (Tile tile : tiles.get(tex))
{
SET UNIFORMS
RENDER
}
}
Something else I see along these lines is that you are pushing the projection matrix to each tile individually. When you are running a shader program, the value of a given uniform stays the same until you change it or until the program ends. Set the projection matrix uniform once.
It also appears that you are calling this every renderTile(...). Given the value does not change, calculate it once before the render pass, then pass it in as a variable in the renderTile(...) method rather than passing in camera and world.

WorldWind line of sight

I've found this example of how to render line of sight in WorldWind: http://patmurris.blogspot.com/2008/04/ray-casting-and-line-of-sight-for-wwj.html (its a bit old, but it still seems to work). This is the class used in the example (slightly modified code below to work with WorldWind 2.0). It looks like the code also uses RayCastingSupport (Javadoc and Code) to do its magic.
What I'm trying to figure out is if this code/example is using the curvature of the earth/and or the distance to the horizon as part of its logic. Just looking at the code, I'm not sure I understand completely what it is doing.
For instance, if I was trying to figure out what terrain a person 200 meters above the earth could "see", would it take the distance to the horizon into account?
What would it take to modify the code to account for distance to the horizon/curvature of the earth (if its not already)?
package gov.nasa.worldwindx.examples;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.util.RayCastingSupport;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.view.orbit.OrbitView;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.Angle;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.Position;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.Sector;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.Vec4;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.globes.Globe;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.layers.CrosshairLayer;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.layers.RenderableLayer;
import gov.nasa.worldwind.render.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.CompoundBorder;
import javax.swing.border.TitledBorder;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
public class LineOfSight extends ApplicationTemplate
{
public static class AppFrame extends ApplicationTemplate.AppFrame
{
private double samplingLength = 30; // Ray casting sample length
private int centerOffset = 100; // meters above ground for center
private int pointOffset = 10; // meters above ground for sampled points
private Vec4 light = new Vec4(1, 1, -1).normalize3(); // Light direction (from South-East)
private double ambiant = .4; // Minimum lighting (0 - 1)
private RenderableLayer renderableLayer;
private SurfaceImage surfaceImage;
private ScreenAnnotation screenAnnotation;
private JComboBox radiusCombo;
private JComboBox samplesCombo;
private JCheckBox shadingCheck;
private JButton computeButton;
public AppFrame()
{
super(true, true, false);
// Add USGS Topo Maps
// insertBeforePlacenames(getWwd(), new USGSTopographicMaps());
// Add our renderable layer for result display
this.renderableLayer = new RenderableLayer();
this.renderableLayer.setName("Line of sight");
this.renderableLayer.setPickEnabled(false);
insertBeforePlacenames(getWwd(), this.renderableLayer);
// Add crosshair layer
insertBeforePlacenames(getWwd(), new CrosshairLayer());
// Update layer panel
this.getLayerPanel().update(getWwd());
// Add control panel
this.getLayerPanel().add(makeControlPanel(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
}
private JPanel makeControlPanel()
{
JPanel controlPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 1, 0, 0));
controlPanel.setBorder(
new CompoundBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(9, 9, 9, 9),
new TitledBorder("Line Of Sight")));
// Radius combo
JPanel radiusPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 2, 0, 0));
radiusPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(6, 6, 6, 6));
radiusPanel.add(new JLabel("Max radius:"));
radiusCombo = new JComboBox(new String[] {"5km", "10km",
"20km", "30km", "50km", "100km", "200km"});
radiusCombo.setSelectedItem("10km");
radiusPanel.add(radiusCombo);
// Samples combo
JPanel samplesPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 2, 0, 0));
samplesPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(6, 6, 6, 6));
samplesPanel.add(new JLabel("Samples:"));
samplesCombo = new JComboBox(new String[] {"128", "256", "512"});
samplesCombo.setSelectedItem("128");
samplesPanel.add(samplesCombo);
// Shading checkbox
JPanel shadingPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 2, 0, 0));
shadingPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(6, 6, 6, 6));
shadingPanel.add(new JLabel("Light:"));
shadingCheck = new JCheckBox("Add shading");
shadingCheck.setSelected(false);
shadingPanel.add(shadingCheck);
// Compute button
JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 1, 0, 0));
buttonPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(6, 6, 6, 6));
computeButton = new JButton("Compute");
computeButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent actionEvent)
{
update();
}
});
buttonPanel.add(computeButton);
// Help text
JPanel helpPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 1, 0, 0));
buttonPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(6, 6, 6, 6));
helpPanel.add(new JLabel("Place view center on an elevated"));
helpPanel.add(new JLabel("location and click \"Compute\""));
// Panel assembly
controlPanel.add(radiusPanel);
controlPanel.add(samplesPanel);
controlPanel.add(shadingPanel);
controlPanel.add(buttonPanel);
controlPanel.add(helpPanel);
return controlPanel;
}
// Update line of sight computation
private void update()
{
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run()
{
computeLineOfSight();
}
}, "LOS thread").start();
}
private void computeLineOfSight()
{
computeButton.setEnabled(false);
computeButton.setText("Computing...");
try
{
Globe globe = getWwd().getModel().getGlobe();
OrbitView view = (OrbitView)getWwd().getView();
Position centerPosition = view.getCenterPosition();
// Compute sector
String radiusString = ((String)radiusCombo.getSelectedItem());
double radius = 1000 * Double.parseDouble(radiusString.substring(0, radiusString.length() - 2));
double deltaLatRadians = radius / globe.getEquatorialRadius();
double deltaLonRadians = deltaLatRadians / Math.cos(centerPosition.getLatitude().radians);
Sector sector = new Sector(centerPosition.getLatitude().subtractRadians(deltaLatRadians),
centerPosition.getLatitude().addRadians(deltaLatRadians),
centerPosition.getLongitude().subtractRadians(deltaLonRadians),
centerPosition.getLongitude().addRadians(deltaLonRadians));
// Compute center point
double centerElevation = globe.getElevation(centerPosition.getLatitude(),
centerPosition.getLongitude());
Vec4 center = globe.computePointFromPosition(
new Position(centerPosition, centerElevation + centerOffset));
// Compute image
float hueScaleFactor = .7f;
int samples = Integer.parseInt((String)samplesCombo.getSelectedItem());
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(samples, samples, BufferedImage.TYPE_4BYTE_ABGR);
double latStepRadians = sector.getDeltaLatRadians() / image.getHeight();
double lonStepRadians = sector.getDeltaLonRadians() / image.getWidth();
for (int x = 0; x < image.getWidth(); x++)
{
Angle lon = sector.getMinLongitude().addRadians(lonStepRadians * x + lonStepRadians / 2);
for (int y = 0; y < image.getHeight(); y++)
{
Angle lat = sector.getMaxLatitude().subtractRadians(latStepRadians * y + latStepRadians / 2);
double el = globe.getElevation(lat, lon);
// Test line of sight from point to center
Vec4 point = globe.computePointFromPosition(lat, lon, el + pointOffset);
double distance = point.distanceTo3(center);
if (distance <= radius)
{
if (RayCastingSupport.intersectSegmentWithTerrain(
globe, point, center, samplingLength, samplingLength) == null)
{
// Center visible from point: set pixel color and shade
float hue = (float)Math.min(distance / radius, 1) * hueScaleFactor;
float shade = shadingCheck.isSelected() ?
(float)computeShading(globe, lat, lon, light, ambiant) : 0f;
image.setRGB(x, y, Color.HSBtoRGB(hue, 1f, 1f - shade));
}
else if (shadingCheck.isSelected())
{
// Center not visible: apply shading nonetheless if selected
float shade = (float)computeShading(globe, lat, lon, light, ambiant);
image.setRGB(x, y, new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, shade).getRGB());
}
}
}
}
// Blur image
PatternFactory.blur(PatternFactory.blur(PatternFactory.blur(PatternFactory.blur(image))));
// Update surface image
if (this.surfaceImage != null)
this.renderableLayer.removeRenderable(this.surfaceImage);
this.surfaceImage = new SurfaceImage(image, sector);
this.surfaceImage.setOpacity(.5);
this.renderableLayer.addRenderable(this.surfaceImage);
// Compute distance scale image
BufferedImage scaleImage = new BufferedImage(64, 256, BufferedImage.TYPE_4BYTE_ABGR);
Graphics g2 = scaleImage.getGraphics();
int divisions = 10;
int labelStep = scaleImage.getHeight() / divisions;
for (int y = 0; y < scaleImage.getHeight(); y++)
{
int x1 = scaleImage.getWidth() / 5;
if (y % labelStep == 0 && y != 0)
{
double d = radius / divisions * y / labelStep / 1000;
String label = Double.toString(d) + "km";
g2.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g2.drawString(label, x1 + 6, y + 6);
g2.setColor(Color.WHITE);
g2.drawLine(x1, y, x1 + 4 , y);
g2.drawString(label, x1 + 5, y + 5);
}
float hue = (float)y / (scaleImage.getHeight() - 1) * hueScaleFactor;
g2.setColor(Color.getHSBColor(hue, 1f, 1f));
g2.drawLine(0, y, x1, y);
}
// Update distance scale screen annotation
if (this.screenAnnotation != null)
this.renderableLayer.removeRenderable(this.screenAnnotation);
this.screenAnnotation = new ScreenAnnotation("", new Point(20, 20));
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setImageSource(scaleImage);
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setSize(
new Dimension(scaleImage.getWidth(), scaleImage.getHeight()));
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setAdjustWidthToText(Annotation.SIZE_FIXED);
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setDrawOffset(new Point(scaleImage.getWidth() / 2, 0));
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setBorderWidth(0);
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setCornerRadius(0);
this.screenAnnotation.getAttributes().setBackgroundColor(new Color(0f, 0f, 0f, 0f));
this.renderableLayer.addRenderable(this.screenAnnotation);
// Redraw
this.getWwd().redraw();
}
finally
{
computeButton.setEnabled(true);
computeButton.setText("Compute");
}
}
/**
* Compute shadow intensity at a globe position.
* #param globe the <code>Globe</code>.
* #param lat the location latitude.
* #param lon the location longitude.
* #param light the light direction vector. Expected to be normalized.
* #param ambiant the minimum ambiant light level (0..1).
* #return the shadow intensity for the location. No shadow = 0, totaly obscured = 1.
*/
private static double computeShading(Globe globe, Angle lat, Angle lon, Vec4 light, double ambiant)
{
double thirtyMetersRadians = 30 / globe.getEquatorialRadius();
Vec4 p0 = globe.computePointFromPosition(lat, lon, 0);
Vec4 px = globe.computePointFromPosition(lat, Angle.fromRadians(lon.radians - thirtyMetersRadians), 0);
Vec4 py = globe.computePointFromPosition(Angle.fromRadians(lat.radians + thirtyMetersRadians), lon, 0);
double el0 = globe.getElevation(lat, lon);
double elx = globe.getElevation(lat, Angle.fromRadians(lon.radians - thirtyMetersRadians));
double ely = globe.getElevation(Angle.fromRadians(lat.radians + thirtyMetersRadians), lon);
Vec4 vx = new Vec4(p0.distanceTo3(px), 0, elx - el0).normalize3();
Vec4 vy = new Vec4(0, p0.distanceTo3(py), ely - el0).normalize3();
Vec4 normal = vx.cross3(vy).normalize3();
return 1d - Math.max(-light.dot3(normal), ambiant);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ApplicationTemplate.start("World Wind Line Of Sight Calculation", AppFrame.class);
}
}

You are correct. This code does not take into account the earth curve.
From what I could see, a ray trace is done for the center of the light but the cone of the light was drawn on an image (I am not sure about that, but it looks as if this example draws on an image of gray scale).
Any way this demo is about detecting hitting the ground to stop the ray trace.
From what I understand, the algorithm stops after a distance set in the form (5km,10km ... 200km etc.)
I don't understand the direction of the ray. It makes sense to check for 200km radius only if you check light from out of space....
If you want to take the horizon into account you should check the pitch of the light source first. Its relevant for positive pitch values (above the horizon).
In that case you should decide when to stop once the center of the light gets very high above ground. How high depends on whether you point your light towards a mountain slope of you terrain is relatively flat, or if the source of light is narrow beam or wide.

LibGDX touch position coords error

So, I'm using LibGdx and trying to use their Rectangle class as a bounds for button pressing onn the touch screen. It works perfectly on a 1:1 scale, but when I put the game on my Phone (With a smaller screen) than the images get scaled and drawn properly, but the Rectangles don't. So I tried keeping my Rectangles at their normal scale, and "upscaling" the touch screen's XY Coords, but I guess I'm not doing that right, cause it doesn't work.
optionsMenu = new Vector<Rectangle>();
optionsMenu.add(new Rectangle(100 + (120 * 0), 100, 100, 100));
optionsMenu.add(new Rectangle(100 + (120 * 1), 100, 100, 100));
optionsMenu.add(new Rectangle(100 + (120 * 2), 100, 100, 100));
optionsMenu.add(new Rectangle(100 + (120 * 3), 100, 100, 100));
That's how i'm initalizing my bounding Rectangles.
This is how I'm initalizing my camera:
camera = new OrthographicCamera();
camera.setToOrtho(true, 800, 480);
This is how I'm drawing my buttons:
spriteBatch.draw(buttonImage, optionsMenu.get(2).bounds.getX(),
optionsMenu.get(2).bounds.getY(), optionsMenu.get(2).bounds.getWidth(),
optionsMenu.get(2).bounds.getHeight(), 0, 0, buttonImage.getWidth(),
buttonImage.getHeight(), false, true);
And this is how I do my touch screen logic:
public boolean tap(float x, float y, int count, int button) {
Vector3 temp = new Vector3(x, y, 0);
camera.unproject(temp);
float scalePos = (int) ((float) Gdx.graphics.getWidth()/800.0f);
temp.x = temp.x * scalePos;
temp.y = temp.y * scalePos;
if(optionsMenu.get(0).bounds.contains(temp.x, temp.y)){
//do sutff
}
else if(optionsMenu.get(1).bounds.contains(temp.x, temp.y)){
//do other stuff
}
return false;
}

A few days ago I ran into the same problem. This is what I did to solve it:
If you are using a viewport, then you should add that data to the camera.unproject call, to make sure that the viewport is being taken into account.
For example:
camera.unproject(lastTouch,viewport.x,viewport.y,viewport.width,viewport.height);
To debug the rectangle bounds and the touch position, I used this method to draw them into the screen:
private static ShapeRenderer debugShapeRenderer = new ShapeRenderer();
public static void showDebugBoundingBoxes(List<Rectangle> boundingBoxes) {
debugShapeRenderer.begin(ShapeType.Line); // make sure to end the spritebatch before you call this line
debugShapeRenderer.setColor(Color.BLUE);
for (Rectangle rect : boundingBoxes) {
debugShapeRenderer.rect(rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height);
}
debugShapeRenderer.end();
}

Drift in rotation about z-axis

In an application, while trying to rotate an object using touch, I noticed drift in position of object after sometime (without any translation applied !!). The rotation is only about z-axis and works perfectly, but drift happens only after few rotations.
ds will be used for translation (using up-down button).
_uNozzleCentreMatrix and _ModelMatrixNozzle will use ds if I correct this.
private static final float[] _uNozzleCentre = new float[]{0.0f, 0.333605f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
protected static float[] _uNozzleCentreMatrix = new float[4];
public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) {
gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
float ratio = (float) width / height;
Matrix.setLookAtM(GLES20Renderer._ViewMatrix, 0, 0, 0, 7f, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0);
Matrix.frustumM(GLES20Renderer._ProjectionMatrix, 0, -ratio, ratio, -1, 1, 2, 8);
Matrix.setIdentityM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0);
}
private static void updateModel(int upDown, float xAngle, float yAngle, float zAngle) {
//ds = GLES20Renderer._upDown - GLES20Renderer._lastUpDown;
ds = 0; // ds changes with button up-down, but now it is made 0, so button up-down will not affect it
Matrix.multiplyMV(GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix, 0, GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentre, 0);
if(Math.abs(ds) > 0) {
} else {
if(GLES20Renderer._zAngle >= 360) {
GLES20Renderer._zAngle = GLES20Renderer._zAngle - 360;
}
if(GLES20Renderer._zAngle <= -360) {
GLES20Renderer._zAngle = GLES20Renderer._zAngle + 360;
}
Matrix.translateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[0], GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[1], 0);
Matrix.rotateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._zAngle, 0, 0, 1);
Matrix.rotateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, -GLES20Renderer._lastZAngle, 0, 0, 1);
Matrix.translateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, -GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[0], -GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[1], 0);
}
Matrix.multiplyMM(GLES20Renderer._MVPMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._ViewMatrix, 0, GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0);
Matrix.multiplyMM(GLES20Renderer._MVPMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._ProjectionMatrix, 0, GLES20Renderer._MVPMatrixNozzle, 0);
GLES20Renderer._lastZAngle = zAngle;
}
Apk for download:
http://www.pixdip.com/opengles/rotation/rotation.apk
(Try swiping a longer horizontal area from extreme left to right to observe drift early. Please be patient! Drift can take 20 seconds to occur)
For those whom it did not happen, here is the automated apk:
http://www.pixdip.com/opengles/rotation/automatic.apk
and the edited part of code:
Matrix.translateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[0], GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[1], 0);
Matrix.rotateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, GLES20Renderer._zAngle, 0, 0, 1);
//Matrix.rotateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, -GLES20Renderer._lastZAngle, 0, 0, 1);
Matrix.translateM(GLES20Renderer._ModelMatrixNozzle, 0, -GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[0], -GLES20Renderer._uNozzleCentreMatrix[1], 0);

Sometimes floating point errors get accumulated because of matrix stack.
This can be removed by using separate matrices for some critical transformations:
private static float[] _TMatrix = new float[16];
private static float[] _ModelMatrix = new float[16];
Matrix.setIdentity(Renderer._ModelMatrix);
Matrix.setIdentity(Renderer._TMatrix);
Matrix.translate(Renderer._ModelMatrix, xmov,ymov,0);
Matrix.translate(Renderer._TMatrix, -xmov,-ymov,0);
Matrix.multiply(Renderer._ModelMatrix, Renderer._TMatrix, Renderer._ModelMatrix);
// will result in an identity model matrix, without any floating point errors