Related
java.util.concurrent API provides a class called as Lock, which would basically serialize the control in order to access the critical resource. It gives method such as park() and unpark().
We can do similar things if we can use synchronized keyword and using wait() and notify() notifyAll() methods.
I am wondering which one of these is better in practice and why?
If you're simply locking an object, I'd prefer to use synchronized
Example:
Lock.acquire();
doSomethingNifty(); // Throws a NPE!
Lock.release(); // Oh noes, we never release the lock!
You have to explicitly do try{} finally{} everywhere.
Whereas with synchronized, it's super clear and impossible to get wrong:
synchronized(myObject) {
doSomethingNifty();
}
That said, Locks may be more useful for more complicated things where you can't acquire and release in such a clean manner. I would honestly prefer to avoid using bare Locks in the first place, and just go with a more sophisticated concurrency control such as a CyclicBarrier or a LinkedBlockingQueue, if they meet your needs.
I've never had a reason to use wait() or notify() but there may be some good ones.
I am wondering which one of these is better in practice and why?
I've found that Lock and Condition (and other new concurrent classes) are just more tools for the toolbox. I could do most everything I needed with my old claw hammer (the synchronized keyword), but it was awkward to use in some situations. Several of those awkward situations became much simpler once I added more tools to my toolbox: a rubber mallet, a ball-peen hammer, a prybar, and some nail punches. However, my old claw hammer still sees its share of use.
I don't think one is really "better" than the other, but rather each is a better fit for different problems. In a nutshell, the simple model and scope-oriented nature of synchronized helps protect me from bugs in my code, but those same advantages are sometimes hindrances in more complex scenarios. Its these more complex scenarios that the concurrent package was created to help address. But using this higher level constructs requires more explicit and careful management in the code.
===
I think the JavaDoc does a good job of describing the distinction between Lock and synchronized (the emphasis is mine):
Lock implementations provide more extensive locking operations than can be obtained using synchronized methods and statements. They allow more flexible structuring, may have quite different properties, and may support multiple associated Condition objects.
...
The use of synchronized methods or statements provides access to the implicit monitor lock associated with every object, but forces all lock acquisition and release to occur in a block-structured way: when multiple locks are acquired they must be released in the opposite order, and all locks must be released in the same lexical scope in which they were acquired.
While the scoping mechanism for synchronized methods and statements makes it much easier to program with monitor locks, and helps avoid many common programming errors involving locks, there are occasions where you need to work with locks in a more flexible way. For example, **some algorithms* for traversing concurrently accessed data structures require the use of "hand-over-hand" or "chain locking": you acquire the lock of node A, then node B, then release A and acquire C, then release B and acquire D and so on. Implementations of the Lock interface enable the use of such techniques by allowing a lock to be acquired and released in different scopes, and allowing multiple locks to be acquired and released in any order.
With this increased flexibility comes additional responsibility. The absence of block-structured locking removes the automatic release of locks that occurs with synchronized methods and statements. In most cases, the following idiom should be used:
...
When locking and unlocking occur in different scopes, care must be taken to ensure that all code that is executed while the lock is held is protected by try-finally or try-catch to ensure that the lock is released when necessary.
Lock implementations provide additional functionality over the use of synchronized methods and statements by providing a non-blocking attempt to acquire a lock (tryLock()), an attempt to acquire the lock that can be interrupted (lockInterruptibly(), and an attempt to acquire the lock that can timeout (tryLock(long, TimeUnit)).
...
You can achieve everything the utilities in java.util.concurrent do with the low-level primitives like synchronized, volatile, or wait / notify
However, concurrency is tricky, and most people get at least some parts of it wrong, making their code either incorrect or inefficient (or both).
The concurrent API provides a higher-level approach, which is easier (and as such safer) to use. In a nutshell, you should not need to use synchronized, volatile, wait, notify directly anymore.
The Lock class itself is on the lower-level side of this toolbox, you may not even need to use that directly either (you can use Queues and Semaphore and stuff, etc, most of the time).
There are 4 main factors into why you would want to use synchronized or java.util.concurrent.Lock.
Note: Synchronized locking is what I mean when I say intrinsic locking.
When Java 5 came out with
ReentrantLocks, they proved to have
quite a noticeble throughput
difference then intrinsic locking.
If youre looking for faster locking
mechanism and are running 1.5
consider j.u.c.ReentrantLock. Java
6's intrinsic locking is now
comparable.
j.u.c.Lock has different mechanisms
for locking. Lock interruptable -
attempt to lock until the locking
thread is interrupted; timed lock -
attempt to lock for a certain amount
of time and give up if you do not
succeed; tryLock - attempt to lock,
if some other thread is holding the
lock give up. This all is included
aside from the simple lock.
Intrinsic locking only offers simple
locking
Style. If both 1 and 2 do not fall
into categories of what you are
concerned with most people,
including myself, would find the
intrinsic locking semenatics easier
to read and less verbose then
j.u.c.Lock locking.
Multiple Conditions. An object you
lock on can only be notified and
waited for a single case. Lock's
newCondition method allows for a
single Lock to have mutliple reasons
to await or signal. I have yet to
actually need this functionality in
practice, but is a nice feature for
those who need it.
I would like to add some more things on top of Bert F answer.
Locks support various methods for finer grained lock control, which are more expressive than implicit monitors (synchronized locks)
A Lock provides exclusive access to a shared resource: only one thread at a time can acquire the lock and all access to the shared resource requires that the lock be acquired first. However, some locks may allow concurrent access to a shared resource, such as the read lock of a ReadWriteLock.
Advantages of Lock over Synchronization from documentation page
The use of synchronized methods or statements provides access to the implicit monitor lock associated with every object, but forces all lock acquisition and release to occur in a block-structured way
Lock implementations provide additional functionality over the use of synchronized methods and statements by providing a non-blocking attempt to acquire a lock (tryLock()), an attempt to acquire the lock that can be interrupted (lockInterruptibly(), and an attempt to acquire the lock that can timeout (tryLock(long, TimeUnit)).
A Lock class can also provide behavior and semantics that is quite different from that of the implicit monitor lock, such as guaranteed ordering, non-reentrant usage, or deadlock detection
ReentrantLock: In simple terms as per my understanding, ReentrantLock allows an object to re-enter from one critical section to other critical section . Since you already have lock to enter one critical section, you can other critical section on same object by using current lock.
ReentrantLock key features as per this article
Ability to lock interruptibly.
Ability to timeout while waiting for lock.
Power to create fair lock.
API to get list of waiting thread for lock.
Flexibility to try for lock without blocking.
You can use ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock, ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock to further acquire control on granular locking on read and write operations.
Apart from these three ReentrantLocks, java 8 provides one more Lock
StampedLock:
Java 8 ships with a new kind of lock called StampedLock which also support read and write locks just like in the example above. In contrast to ReadWriteLock the locking methods of a StampedLock return a stamp represented by a long value.
You can use these stamps to either release a lock or to check if the lock is still valid. Additionally stamped locks support another lock mode called optimistic locking.
Have a look at this article on usage of different type of ReentrantLock and StampedLock locks.
The main difference is fairness, in other words are requests handled FIFO or can there be barging? Method level synchronization ensures fair or FIFO allocation of the lock. Using
synchronized(foo) {
}
or
lock.acquire(); .....lock.release();
does not assure fairness.
If you have lots of contention for the lock you can easily encounter barging where newer requests get the lock and older requests get stuck. I've seen cases where 200 threads arrive in short order for a lock and the 2nd one to arrive got processed last. This is ok for some applications but for others it's deadly.
See Brian Goetz's "Java Concurrency In Practice" book, section 13.3 for a full discussion of this topic.
Major difference between lock and synchronized:
with locks, you can release and acquire the locks in any order.
with synchronized, you can release the locks only in the order it was acquired.
Brian Goetz's "Java Concurrency In Practice" book, section 13.3:
"...Like the default ReentrantLock, intrinsic locking offers no deterministic fairness guarantees, but the
statistical fairness guarantees of most locking implementations are good enough for almost all situations..."
Lock makes programmers' life easier. Here are a few situations that can be achieved easily with lock.
Lock in one method, and release the lock in another method.
If You have two threads working on two different pieces of code, however, in the first thread has a pre-requisite on a certain piece of code in the second thread (while some other threads also working on the same piece of code in the second thread simultaneously). A shared lock can solve this problem quite easily.
Implementing monitors. For example, a simple queue where the put and get methods are executed from many other threads. However, you do not want multiple put (or get) methods running simultaneously, neither the put and get method running simultaneously. A private lock makes your life a lot easier to achieve this.
While, the lock, and conditions build on the synchronized mechanism. Therefore, can certainly be able to achieve the same functionality that you can achieve using the lock. However, solving complex scenarios with synchronized may make your life difficult and can deviate you from solving the actual problem.
Lock and synchronize block both serves the same purpose but it depends on the usage. Consider the below part
void randomFunction(){
.
.
.
synchronize(this){
//do some functionality
}
.
.
.
synchronize(this)
{
// do some functionality
}
} // end of randomFunction
In the above case , if a thread enters the synchronize block, the other block is also locked. If there are multiple such synchronize block on the same object, all the blocks are locked. In such situations , java.util.concurrent.Lock can be used to prevent unwanted locking of blocks
When multiple thread try to acquire the lock on synchronized when lock is already acquired by one thread.
My understanding was that lock will be given in order of acquire lock request.
But as per the book O'Reilly Java threads lock will be given that is best for platform. Thats very abstract statement.I think platform mainly meant OS here.
My question what is the criteria based on which JVM decides what is best for platform and how developer accounts it while
doing programming?
Update:- i know i can use Lock object with fairness argument. But just want to know how does it work with synchronized locks?
synchronized acquisition follows a non-fair lock policy. That is, threads that enter first while blocking may not be the first to acquire. If you want a fair lock use a new ReentrantLock(true)
My understanding was that lock will be given in order of acquire lock request.
I believe that's only true for green threads (which no one really uses anymore).
My question what is the criteria based on which JVM decides what is best for platform and how developer accounts it while doing programming?
I don't think the JVM "decides" at runtime. The threading model will just be compiled into the JVM.
As of JDK6 (in HotSpot JVMs), it uses an algorithm called biased locking. Have a look at this white paper by Oracle, esp. the section on biased locking. They cite this paper that further describes the details of the algorithm.
As for how the developer should account for this, IMO the only important part is that it's unfair. You prob. never have to worry about anything else unless you are coding a high frequency trading platform or something.
You should generally favor unfair locking against fair locking unless you have a reason, as the former typically has higher throughput.
Does anyone know the differences between the methods acquire () and release () (java.util.concurrent.Semaphore) and await () and signal (new ReentrantLock().newCondition() ) .
Can you expose a pseudo code for each of these methods?
Superficially the behavior of these method might look similar - acquire()/await() can make threads block in some cirsumstances and release()/signal() can unblock threads in some circumstances. However Semaphore and Condition serve different purposes:
java.util.concurrent.Semaphore is relatively higher-level synchronization mechanism, intended for use by general developers. You would use it typically to restrict concurrent access to some resource by making each requester thread call acquire() before accessing the resource (that way making the thread block if no semaphore permit was available).
Description from the javadoc:
Conceptually, a semaphore maintains a set of permits. Each acquire() blocks if necessary until a permit is available, and then takes it. Each release() adds a permit, potentially releasing a blocking acquirer.
java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition is relatively low-level synchronization mechanism which basically enhances functionality provided java.lang.Object methods wait(), notify() and notifyAll(). It enables the thread to suspend its activities when it needs to wait for some condition to become true (generally through activity of other threads) and then it enables those other threads to "wake up" the waiting thread(s) when the state variables taking part in the condition might have changed. It is generally harder to use correctly and general developers are advised to use higher-level mechanisms from package java.util.concurrent (like Semaphore).
You can find more detailed information about this in the excellent book "Java Concurrency in Practice" from Brian Goetz.
java.util.concurrent API provides a class called as Lock, which would basically serialize the control in order to access the critical resource. It gives method such as park() and unpark().
We can do similar things if we can use synchronized keyword and using wait() and notify() notifyAll() methods.
I am wondering which one of these is better in practice and why?
If you're simply locking an object, I'd prefer to use synchronized
Example:
Lock.acquire();
doSomethingNifty(); // Throws a NPE!
Lock.release(); // Oh noes, we never release the lock!
You have to explicitly do try{} finally{} everywhere.
Whereas with synchronized, it's super clear and impossible to get wrong:
synchronized(myObject) {
doSomethingNifty();
}
That said, Locks may be more useful for more complicated things where you can't acquire and release in such a clean manner. I would honestly prefer to avoid using bare Locks in the first place, and just go with a more sophisticated concurrency control such as a CyclicBarrier or a LinkedBlockingQueue, if they meet your needs.
I've never had a reason to use wait() or notify() but there may be some good ones.
I am wondering which one of these is better in practice and why?
I've found that Lock and Condition (and other new concurrent classes) are just more tools for the toolbox. I could do most everything I needed with my old claw hammer (the synchronized keyword), but it was awkward to use in some situations. Several of those awkward situations became much simpler once I added more tools to my toolbox: a rubber mallet, a ball-peen hammer, a prybar, and some nail punches. However, my old claw hammer still sees its share of use.
I don't think one is really "better" than the other, but rather each is a better fit for different problems. In a nutshell, the simple model and scope-oriented nature of synchronized helps protect me from bugs in my code, but those same advantages are sometimes hindrances in more complex scenarios. Its these more complex scenarios that the concurrent package was created to help address. But using this higher level constructs requires more explicit and careful management in the code.
===
I think the JavaDoc does a good job of describing the distinction between Lock and synchronized (the emphasis is mine):
Lock implementations provide more extensive locking operations than can be obtained using synchronized methods and statements. They allow more flexible structuring, may have quite different properties, and may support multiple associated Condition objects.
...
The use of synchronized methods or statements provides access to the implicit monitor lock associated with every object, but forces all lock acquisition and release to occur in a block-structured way: when multiple locks are acquired they must be released in the opposite order, and all locks must be released in the same lexical scope in which they were acquired.
While the scoping mechanism for synchronized methods and statements makes it much easier to program with monitor locks, and helps avoid many common programming errors involving locks, there are occasions where you need to work with locks in a more flexible way. For example, **some algorithms* for traversing concurrently accessed data structures require the use of "hand-over-hand" or "chain locking": you acquire the lock of node A, then node B, then release A and acquire C, then release B and acquire D and so on. Implementations of the Lock interface enable the use of such techniques by allowing a lock to be acquired and released in different scopes, and allowing multiple locks to be acquired and released in any order.
With this increased flexibility comes additional responsibility. The absence of block-structured locking removes the automatic release of locks that occurs with synchronized methods and statements. In most cases, the following idiom should be used:
...
When locking and unlocking occur in different scopes, care must be taken to ensure that all code that is executed while the lock is held is protected by try-finally or try-catch to ensure that the lock is released when necessary.
Lock implementations provide additional functionality over the use of synchronized methods and statements by providing a non-blocking attempt to acquire a lock (tryLock()), an attempt to acquire the lock that can be interrupted (lockInterruptibly(), and an attempt to acquire the lock that can timeout (tryLock(long, TimeUnit)).
...
You can achieve everything the utilities in java.util.concurrent do with the low-level primitives like synchronized, volatile, or wait / notify
However, concurrency is tricky, and most people get at least some parts of it wrong, making their code either incorrect or inefficient (or both).
The concurrent API provides a higher-level approach, which is easier (and as such safer) to use. In a nutshell, you should not need to use synchronized, volatile, wait, notify directly anymore.
The Lock class itself is on the lower-level side of this toolbox, you may not even need to use that directly either (you can use Queues and Semaphore and stuff, etc, most of the time).
There are 4 main factors into why you would want to use synchronized or java.util.concurrent.Lock.
Note: Synchronized locking is what I mean when I say intrinsic locking.
When Java 5 came out with
ReentrantLocks, they proved to have
quite a noticeble throughput
difference then intrinsic locking.
If youre looking for faster locking
mechanism and are running 1.5
consider j.u.c.ReentrantLock. Java
6's intrinsic locking is now
comparable.
j.u.c.Lock has different mechanisms
for locking. Lock interruptable -
attempt to lock until the locking
thread is interrupted; timed lock -
attempt to lock for a certain amount
of time and give up if you do not
succeed; tryLock - attempt to lock,
if some other thread is holding the
lock give up. This all is included
aside from the simple lock.
Intrinsic locking only offers simple
locking
Style. If both 1 and 2 do not fall
into categories of what you are
concerned with most people,
including myself, would find the
intrinsic locking semenatics easier
to read and less verbose then
j.u.c.Lock locking.
Multiple Conditions. An object you
lock on can only be notified and
waited for a single case. Lock's
newCondition method allows for a
single Lock to have mutliple reasons
to await or signal. I have yet to
actually need this functionality in
practice, but is a nice feature for
those who need it.
I would like to add some more things on top of Bert F answer.
Locks support various methods for finer grained lock control, which are more expressive than implicit monitors (synchronized locks)
A Lock provides exclusive access to a shared resource: only one thread at a time can acquire the lock and all access to the shared resource requires that the lock be acquired first. However, some locks may allow concurrent access to a shared resource, such as the read lock of a ReadWriteLock.
Advantages of Lock over Synchronization from documentation page
The use of synchronized methods or statements provides access to the implicit monitor lock associated with every object, but forces all lock acquisition and release to occur in a block-structured way
Lock implementations provide additional functionality over the use of synchronized methods and statements by providing a non-blocking attempt to acquire a lock (tryLock()), an attempt to acquire the lock that can be interrupted (lockInterruptibly(), and an attempt to acquire the lock that can timeout (tryLock(long, TimeUnit)).
A Lock class can also provide behavior and semantics that is quite different from that of the implicit monitor lock, such as guaranteed ordering, non-reentrant usage, or deadlock detection
ReentrantLock: In simple terms as per my understanding, ReentrantLock allows an object to re-enter from one critical section to other critical section . Since you already have lock to enter one critical section, you can other critical section on same object by using current lock.
ReentrantLock key features as per this article
Ability to lock interruptibly.
Ability to timeout while waiting for lock.
Power to create fair lock.
API to get list of waiting thread for lock.
Flexibility to try for lock without blocking.
You can use ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock, ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock to further acquire control on granular locking on read and write operations.
Apart from these three ReentrantLocks, java 8 provides one more Lock
StampedLock:
Java 8 ships with a new kind of lock called StampedLock which also support read and write locks just like in the example above. In contrast to ReadWriteLock the locking methods of a StampedLock return a stamp represented by a long value.
You can use these stamps to either release a lock or to check if the lock is still valid. Additionally stamped locks support another lock mode called optimistic locking.
Have a look at this article on usage of different type of ReentrantLock and StampedLock locks.
The main difference is fairness, in other words are requests handled FIFO or can there be barging? Method level synchronization ensures fair or FIFO allocation of the lock. Using
synchronized(foo) {
}
or
lock.acquire(); .....lock.release();
does not assure fairness.
If you have lots of contention for the lock you can easily encounter barging where newer requests get the lock and older requests get stuck. I've seen cases where 200 threads arrive in short order for a lock and the 2nd one to arrive got processed last. This is ok for some applications but for others it's deadly.
See Brian Goetz's "Java Concurrency In Practice" book, section 13.3 for a full discussion of this topic.
Major difference between lock and synchronized:
with locks, you can release and acquire the locks in any order.
with synchronized, you can release the locks only in the order it was acquired.
Brian Goetz's "Java Concurrency In Practice" book, section 13.3:
"...Like the default ReentrantLock, intrinsic locking offers no deterministic fairness guarantees, but the
statistical fairness guarantees of most locking implementations are good enough for almost all situations..."
Lock makes programmers' life easier. Here are a few situations that can be achieved easily with lock.
Lock in one method, and release the lock in another method.
If You have two threads working on two different pieces of code, however, in the first thread has a pre-requisite on a certain piece of code in the second thread (while some other threads also working on the same piece of code in the second thread simultaneously). A shared lock can solve this problem quite easily.
Implementing monitors. For example, a simple queue where the put and get methods are executed from many other threads. However, you do not want multiple put (or get) methods running simultaneously, neither the put and get method running simultaneously. A private lock makes your life a lot easier to achieve this.
While, the lock, and conditions build on the synchronized mechanism. Therefore, can certainly be able to achieve the same functionality that you can achieve using the lock. However, solving complex scenarios with synchronized may make your life difficult and can deviate you from solving the actual problem.
Lock and synchronize block both serves the same purpose but it depends on the usage. Consider the below part
void randomFunction(){
.
.
.
synchronize(this){
//do some functionality
}
.
.
.
synchronize(this)
{
// do some functionality
}
} // end of randomFunction
In the above case , if a thread enters the synchronize block, the other block is also locked. If there are multiple such synchronize block on the same object, all the blocks are locked. In such situations , java.util.concurrent.Lock can be used to prevent unwanted locking of blocks
I have read Java Concurrency in Practice and this is a great reference, but I would like to see a concise single page summary of the use cases of the java.util.concurrent package.
For instance:
Why use a concurrent collection over a synchronized collection?
When should the atomic classes be preferred over explicit locking?
When should Locks be used over synchronization?
What are the alternatives to wait() and notify(), notifyAll()?
When should a CompletionService be used?
What are the pros/cons and pitfalls to be aware of?
Why use a concurrent collection over a synchronized collection?
Because a synchronized collection only protects data from corruption due to concurrent access. This does not mean that the synchronized collections are optimized for concurrent access. Far from it, in fact - a ConcurrentMap.putIfAbsent is a much better mechanism for a compareAndSet than locking the entire Map for reads.
When should the atomic classes be preferred over explicit locking?
The AtomicInteger and AtomicLong classes should always be used (in my opinion) over locking by hand with a primitive because they are more concise. Consider:
synchronized (lock) {
int old = counter;
counter++;
return old;
}
When compared with:
int old = counter.getAndIncrement();
I have to say though, that the classes suffer from their lack of waitability. For example, you often want some synchronized boolean where you wait on the boolean condition. These were available as WaitableBoolean in the old Doug Lea concurrency library but they were jettisoned in j.u.c, I'm not sure why.
When should Locks be used over synchronization?
This is a more complicated question because usage of Locks carries some overhead. In fact, it's often said that there's no pint in using a ReadWriteLock in typical cases. One scenario where locks must be used is where the locking of a resource and its unlocking cannot be done in the same lexical scope. synchronized is powerless to help in cases such as these.
What are the alternatives to wait() and notify(), notifyAll()?
await, signal and signalAll
When should a CompletionService be used?
A completion service is useful in the case where the consumption of a result of a computation does not need to be accessed at the point the computation was submitted but where it is important that the completion of the computation (or its result, or success) be known by your program. This might be, for example, to monitor the proportion of failed tasks (which threw exceptions), or it may be for resource cleanup.
What are the alternatives to wait() and notify(), notifyAll()
One very good alternative to wait(), notify() and notifyAll() is to NOT USE THEM AT ALL.
200KLOC codebase here that is heavily multithreaded. We're spreading the load on countless cores and have armies of producers/consumers scheme etc.
Instances of wait(), notify() or notifyAll() in our code?
Zero.
I re-put the emphasis on the fact that it is an heavily multi-threaded application: *latches, poison pills, java.util.concurrent.** and whatnots everywhere. But wait(), notify() or notifyAll(): zero instances.
This is really low-level stuff that should only have its uses in concurrency utilities/frameworks.
From Joshua Bloch, in "Effective Java", at the very beginning of the "Threads" chapter:
"If there is a library that can save you from doing low-level multi-threaded programming, by all means use it."