In Hibernate API, there is a property hibernate.connection.autocommit which can be set to true.
But in the API, they have mentioned that it is not recommended to set it like so:
Enables autocommit for JDBC pooled connections (it is not
recommended).
Why is it not recommended ?
What are the ill-effects of setting this property to true ?
All database statements are executed within the context of a physical transaction, even when we don’t explicitly declare transaction boundaries (BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK).
If you don't declare the transaction boundaries, then each statement will have to be executed in a separate transaction. This may even lead to opening and closing one connection per statement.
Declaring a service as #Transactional will give you one connection for the whole transaction duration, and all statements will use that single isolation connection. This is way better than not using explicit transactions in the first place. On large applications you may have many concurrent requests and reducing the database connection acquiring request rate is definitely improving your overall application performance.
So the rule of thumb is:
If you have read-only transactions that only execute one query, you can enable auto-commit for those.
If you have transactions containing more than one statement, you need to disable auto-commit, since you want all operations to execute in a single unit-of-work and you don't want to put extra pressure on your connection pool.
By default the autocommit value is false, therefore the transaction needs to be commited explicitly. This might be the reason why the changes not getting reflected in database, else can try flush to force the changes before commit.
When you close the session, then it will get commited in database implicitly [depends on the implementation].
When you have cascading transactions & needs to rollback for atomicity, you need to have control over transactions & in that case, autocommit should be false.
Either set autocommit as true or handle transactions explicitly.
Here is a good explanation on it.
Hibernate forum related to this.
Stackoverflow question on it.
My understanding is that if Hibernate autocommits, then a flush that fails part way through won't be rolled back. You'll have an incomplete/broken object graph.
If you want a connection with autocommit on for something, you can always unwrap a newly created Session to get the underlying JDBC Connection, setAutocommit(true) on it, do your work via JDBC APIs, setAutocommit(false), and close the session. I would not recommend doing this on a Session that's already done anything.
Do not use the session-per-operation antipattern: do not open and close a Session for every simple database call in a single thread. The same is true for database transactions. Database calls in an application are made using a planned sequence; they are grouped into atomic units of work. This also means that auto-commit after every single SQL statement is useless in an application as this mode is intended for ad-hoc SQL console work. Hibernate disables, or expects the application server to disable, auto-commit mode immediately. Database transactions are never optional. All communication with a database has to occur inside a transaction. Auto-commit behavior for reading data should be avoided, as many small transactions are unlikely to perform better than one clearly defined unit of work. The latter is also more maintainable and extensible.
find more information on this topic
Related
I have 2 questions related to each other
Q1 What exactly is a transaction boundary in hibernate/Spring Data JPA.
I am new to JPA , so please give a very basic example so I can understand as I tried to read multiple blogs but still not very clear.
Q2 And on top of it, what does this mean-
In hibernate, persist() method guarantees that it will not execute an INSERT statement if it is called outside of transaction boundaries, save() method does not guarantee the same.
What is outside and inside of a transaction boundary and how executions are performed outside boundaries?
A transaction is a unit of work that is either executed completely or not at all.
Transactions are fairly simple to use in a typical relational database.
You start a transaction by modifying some data. Every modification starts a transaction, you typically can't avoid it. You end the transaction by executing a commit or rollback.
Before your transaction is finished your changes can't be seen in other transactions (there are exceptions, variations and details). If you rollback your transaction all your changes in the database are undone.
If you commit your changes your changes become visible to other transactions, i.e. for other users connected to the same database. Implementations vary among many other things if changes become visible only for new transactions or also for already running transactions.
A transaction in JPA is a database transaction plus additional stuff.
You can start and end a transaction by getting a Transaction object and calling methods on it. But nobody does that anymore since it is error prone. Instead you annotate methods with #Transaction and entering the method will start a transaction and exiting the method will end the transaction.
The details are taken care of by Spring.
The tricky part with JPAs transactions is that within a JPA transaction JPA might (and will) choose to delay or even avoid read and write operations as long as possible. For example when you load an entity, and load it again in the same JPA transaction, JPA won't load it from the database but return the same instance it returned during the first load operation. If you want to learn more about this I recommend looking into JPAs first level cache.
A transaction boundary it's where the transaction starts or is committed/rollbacked.
When a transaction is started, the transaction context is bound to the current thread. So regardless of how many endpoints and channels you have in your Message flow your transaction context will be preserved as long as you are ensuring that the flow continues on the same thread. As soon as you break it by introducing a Pollable Channel or Executor Channel or initiate a new thread manually in some service, the Transactional boundary will be broken as well.
some other people ask about it - look it up.
If you do not understand something write to me again more accurately and I will explain.
I really hope I helped!
Why do I need Transaction in Hibernate for read-only operations?
Does the following transaction put a lock in the DB?
Example code to fetch from DB:
Transaction tx = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession().beginTransaction(); // why begin transaction?
//readonly operation here
tx.commit() // why tx.commit? I don't want to write anything
Can I use session.close() instead of tx.commit()?
Transactions for reading might look indeed strange and often people don't mark methods for transactions in this case. But JDBC will create transaction anyway, it's just it will be working in autocommit=true if different option wasn't set explicitly. But there are practical reasons to mark transactions read-only:
Impact on databases
Read-only flag may let DBMS optimize such transactions or those running in parallel.
Having a transaction that spans multiple SELECT statements guarantees proper Isolation for levels starting from Repeatable Read or Snapshot (e.g. see PostgreSQL's Repeatable Read). Otherwise 2 SELECT statements could see inconsistent picture if another transaction commits in parallel. This isn't relevant when using Read Committed.
Impact on ORM
ORM may cause unpredictable results if you don't begin/finish transactions explicitly. E.g. Hibernate will open transaction before the 1st statement, but it won't finish it. So connection will be returned to the Connection Pool with an unfinished transaction. What happens then? JDBC keeps silence, thus this is implementation specific: MySQL, PostgreSQL drivers roll back such transaction, Oracle commits it. Note that this can also be configured on Connection Pool level, e.g. C3P0 gives you such an option, rollback by default.
Spring sets the FlushMode=MANUAL in case of read-only transactions, which leads to other optimizations like no need for dirty checks. This could lead to huge performance gain depending on how many objects you loaded.
Impact on architecture & clean code
There is no guarantee that your method doesn't write into the database. If you mark method as #Transactional(readonly=true), you'll dictate whether it's actually possible to write into DB in scope of this transaction. If your architecture is cumbersome and some team members may choose to put modification query where it's not expected, this flag will point you to the problematic place.
All database statements are executed within the context of a physical transaction, even when we don’t explicitly declare transaction boundaries (e.g., BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK).
If you don't declare transaction boundaries explicitly, then each statement will have to be executed in a separate transaction (autocommit mode). This may even lead to opening and closing one connection per statement unless your environment can deal with connection-per-thread binding.
Declaring a service as #Transactional will give you one connection for the whole transaction duration, and all statements will use that single isolation connection. This is way better than not using explicit transactions in the first place.
On large applications, you may have many concurrent requests, and reducing database connection acquisition request rate will definitely improve your overall application performance.
JPA doesn't enforce transactions on read operations. Only writes end up throwing a TransactionRequiredException in case you forget to start a transactional context. Nevertheless, it's always better to declare transaction boundaries even for read-only transactions (in Spring #Transactional allows you to mark read-only transactions, which has a great performance benefit).
Transactions indeed put locks on the database — good database engines handle concurrent locks in a sensible way — and are useful with read-only use to ensure that no other transaction adds data that makes your view inconsistent. You always want a transaction (though sometimes it is reasonable to tune the isolation level, it's best not to do that to start out with); if you never write to the DB during your transaction, both committing and rolling back the transaction work out to be the same (and very cheap).
Now, if you're lucky and your queries against the DB are such that the ORM always maps them to single SQL queries, you can get away without explicit transactions, relying on the DB's built-in autocommit behavior, but ORMs are relatively complex systems so it isn't at all safe to rely on such behavior unless you go to a lot more work checking what the implementation actually does. Writing the explicit transaction boundaries in is far easier to get right (especially if you can do it with AOP or some similar ORM-driven technique; from Java 7 onwards try-with-resources could be used too I suppose).
It doesn't matter whether you only read or not - the database must still keep track of your resultset, because other database clients may want to write data that would change your resultset.
I have seen faulty programs to kill huge database systems, because they just read data, but never commit, forcing the transaction log to grow, because the DB can't release the transaction data before a COMMIT or ROLLBACK, even if the client did nothing for hours.
Why do I need Transaction in Hibernate for read-only operations?
Does the following transaction put a lock in the DB?
Example code to fetch from DB:
Transaction tx = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession().beginTransaction(); // why begin transaction?
//readonly operation here
tx.commit() // why tx.commit? I don't want to write anything
Can I use session.close() instead of tx.commit()?
Transactions for reading might look indeed strange and often people don't mark methods for transactions in this case. But JDBC will create transaction anyway, it's just it will be working in autocommit=true if different option wasn't set explicitly. But there are practical reasons to mark transactions read-only:
Impact on databases
Read-only flag may let DBMS optimize such transactions or those running in parallel.
Having a transaction that spans multiple SELECT statements guarantees proper Isolation for levels starting from Repeatable Read or Snapshot (e.g. see PostgreSQL's Repeatable Read). Otherwise 2 SELECT statements could see inconsistent picture if another transaction commits in parallel. This isn't relevant when using Read Committed.
Impact on ORM
ORM may cause unpredictable results if you don't begin/finish transactions explicitly. E.g. Hibernate will open transaction before the 1st statement, but it won't finish it. So connection will be returned to the Connection Pool with an unfinished transaction. What happens then? JDBC keeps silence, thus this is implementation specific: MySQL, PostgreSQL drivers roll back such transaction, Oracle commits it. Note that this can also be configured on Connection Pool level, e.g. C3P0 gives you such an option, rollback by default.
Spring sets the FlushMode=MANUAL in case of read-only transactions, which leads to other optimizations like no need for dirty checks. This could lead to huge performance gain depending on how many objects you loaded.
Impact on architecture & clean code
There is no guarantee that your method doesn't write into the database. If you mark method as #Transactional(readonly=true), you'll dictate whether it's actually possible to write into DB in scope of this transaction. If your architecture is cumbersome and some team members may choose to put modification query where it's not expected, this flag will point you to the problematic place.
All database statements are executed within the context of a physical transaction, even when we don’t explicitly declare transaction boundaries (e.g., BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK).
If you don't declare transaction boundaries explicitly, then each statement will have to be executed in a separate transaction (autocommit mode). This may even lead to opening and closing one connection per statement unless your environment can deal with connection-per-thread binding.
Declaring a service as #Transactional will give you one connection for the whole transaction duration, and all statements will use that single isolation connection. This is way better than not using explicit transactions in the first place.
On large applications, you may have many concurrent requests, and reducing database connection acquisition request rate will definitely improve your overall application performance.
JPA doesn't enforce transactions on read operations. Only writes end up throwing a TransactionRequiredException in case you forget to start a transactional context. Nevertheless, it's always better to declare transaction boundaries even for read-only transactions (in Spring #Transactional allows you to mark read-only transactions, which has a great performance benefit).
Transactions indeed put locks on the database — good database engines handle concurrent locks in a sensible way — and are useful with read-only use to ensure that no other transaction adds data that makes your view inconsistent. You always want a transaction (though sometimes it is reasonable to tune the isolation level, it's best not to do that to start out with); if you never write to the DB during your transaction, both committing and rolling back the transaction work out to be the same (and very cheap).
Now, if you're lucky and your queries against the DB are such that the ORM always maps them to single SQL queries, you can get away without explicit transactions, relying on the DB's built-in autocommit behavior, but ORMs are relatively complex systems so it isn't at all safe to rely on such behavior unless you go to a lot more work checking what the implementation actually does. Writing the explicit transaction boundaries in is far easier to get right (especially if you can do it with AOP or some similar ORM-driven technique; from Java 7 onwards try-with-resources could be used too I suppose).
It doesn't matter whether you only read or not - the database must still keep track of your resultset, because other database clients may want to write data that would change your resultset.
I have seen faulty programs to kill huge database systems, because they just read data, but never commit, forcing the transaction log to grow, because the DB can't release the transaction data before a COMMIT or ROLLBACK, even if the client did nothing for hours.
Connection.setTransactionIsolation(int) warns:
Note: If this method is called during a transaction, the result is implementation-defined.
This bring up the question: how do you begin a transaction in JDBC? It's clear how to end a transaction, but not how to begin it.
If a Connection starts inside in a transaction, how are we supposed to invoke Connection.setTransactionIsolation(int) outside of a transaction to avoid implementation-specific behavior?
Answering my own question:
JDBC connections start out with auto-commit mode enabled, where each SQL statement is implicitly demarcated with a transaction.
Users who wish to execute multiple statements per transaction must turn auto-commit off.
Changing the auto-commit mode triggers a commit of the current transaction (if one is active).
Connection.setTransactionIsolation() may be invoked anytime if auto-commit is enabled.
If auto-commit is disabled, Connection.setTransactionIsolation() may only be invoked before or after a transaction. Invoking it in the middle of a transaction leads to undefined behavior.
See JDBC Tutorial by Oracle.
JDBC implicitly demarcates each query/update you perform on the connection with a transaction. You can customize this behavior by calling setAutoCommit(false) to turn off the auto-commit mode and call the commit()/rollback() to indicate the end of a transaction. Pesudo code
try
{
con.setAutoCommit(false);
//1 or more queries or updates
con.commit();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
con.rollback();
}
finally
{
con.close();
}
Now, there is a type in the method you have shown. It should be setTransactionIsolation(int level) and is not the api for transaction demarcation. It manages how/when the changes made by one operation become visible to other concurrent operations, the "I" in ACID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(database_systems))
I suggest you read this you'll see
Therefore, the first call of
setAutoCommit(false) and each call of
commit() implicitly mark the start of
a transaction. Transactions can be
undone before they are committed by
calling
Edit:
Check the official documentation on JDBC Transactions
When a connection is created, it is in auto-commit mode. This means
that each individual SQL statement is treated as a transaction and is
automatically committed right after it is executed. (To be more
precise, the default is for a SQL statement to be committed when it is
completed, not when it is executed. A statement is completed when all
of its result sets and update counts have been retrieved. In almost
all cases, however, a statement is completed, and therefore committed,
right after it is executed.)
The way to allow two or more statements to be grouped into a
transaction is to disable the auto-commit mode. This is demonstrated
in the following code, where con is an active connection:
con.setAutoCommit(false);
Source: JDBC Transactions
Startingly, you can manually run a transaction, if you wish to leave your connection in "setAutoCommit(true)" mode but still want a transaction:
try (Statement statement = conn.createStatement()) {
statement.execute("BEGIN");
try {
// use statement ...
statement.execute("COMMIT");
}
catch (SQLException failure) {
statement.execute("ROLLBACK");
}
}
Actually, this page from the JDBC tutorial would be a better read.
You would get your connection, set your isolation level and then do your updates amd stuff and then either commit or rollback.
You can use these methods for transaction:
you must create the connection object like con
con.setAutoCommit(false);
your queries
if all is true con.commit();
else con.rollback();
Maybe this will answer your question:
You can only have one transaction per connection.
If autocommit is on (default), every select, update, delete will automatically start and commit (or rollback) a transaction.
If you set autocommit off, you start a "new" transaction (means commit or rollback won't happen automatically). After some statements, you can call commit or rollback, which finishes current transaction and automatically starts a new one.
You cannot have two transactions actively open on one JDBC connection on pure JDBC.
Using one connection for multiple transactions (reuse, pooling or chaining) some weird problems can lurk creating problems people have to live by since they usually cant identify the causes.
The following scenarios come to mind:
(Re-)Using a connection with an ongoing / uncommitted transaction
Flawed connection pool implementations
Higher isolation level implementations in some databases (especially the distributed SQL and the NoSQL one)
Point 1 is straight forward and understandable.
Point 2 basically leads to either point 1 or (and) point 3.
Point 3 is all about a system where a new transaction has begun before the first statement is issued. From a database perspective such a transaction might have started long before the 'first' real statement was issued. If the concurrency model is based on the snapshot idea where one reads only states/values that were valid at the point the transaction begins but no change that has changed later on, it is very important that on commit the full read set of the current transaction is also validated.
Since NoSQL and certain isolation levels like MS SQL-Server Snapshot often do not validate the read-set (in the right way), all bets are usually off to what to expect. While this is a problem always being present, it is way worse when one is dealing with transactions that start on the last commit or when the connection was pooled rather than the connection being actually used, it is usually important to make sure the transaction actually starts when it is expected to start. (Also very important if one uses a rollback-only read-only transaction).
I use the following rules when dealing with JDBC in JAVA:
Always rollback a JDBC connection before using it (scraps everyting and starts a new transaction), if the company uses plain JDBC in conjunction with any pooling mechanism
Use Hibernate for Transaction handling even if only using a session managed JDBC connection for plain SQL. Never had a problem with transactions till now.
Use BEGIN / COMMIT / ROLLBACK as SQL-Statements (like already mentioned). Most implementations will fail if you issue a BEGIN statement during an active transaction (test it for your database and remember the test database is not the production database and JDBC Driver and JDBC Server-side implementations can differ in behaviro than running a SQL console on the actual server).
Use 3 inside one's own wrapper for a JDBC connection instances. This way transaction handling is always correct (if no reflection is used and the connection pooling is not flawed).
3+4 I only use if response time is critical or if Hibernate is not available.
4 allows for using some more advanced performance (response time) improvement patterns for special cases
When we are updating a record, we can use session.flush() with Hibernate. What's the need for flush()?
Flushing the session forces Hibernate to synchronize the in-memory state of the Session with the database (i.e. to write changes to the database). By default, Hibernate will flush changes automatically for you:
before some query executions
when a transaction is committed
Allowing to explicitly flush the Session gives finer control that may be required in some circumstances (to get an ID assigned, to control the size of the Session,...).
As rightly said in above answers, by calling flush() we force hibernate to execute the SQL commands on Database. But do understand that changes are not "committed" yet.
So after doing flush and before doing commit, if you access DB directly (say from SQL prompt) and check the modified rows, you will NOT see the changes.
This is same as opening 2 SQL command sessions. And changes done in 1 session are not visible to others until committed.
I only know that when we call session.flush() our statements are execute in database but not committed.
Suppose we don't call flush() method on session object and if we call commit method it will internally do the work of executing statements on the database and then committing.
commit=flush+commit (in case of functionality)
Thus, I conclude that when we call method flush() on Session object, then it doesn't get commit but hits the database and executes the query and gets rollback too.
In order to commit we use commit() on Transaction object.
Flushing the Session gets the data that is currently in the session synchronized with what is in the database.
More on the Hibernate website:
http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/core/3.3/reference/en/html/objectstate.html#objectstate-flushing
flush() is useful, because there are absolutely no guarantees about when the Session executes the JDBC calls, only the order in which they are executed - except you use flush().
You might use flush to force validation constraints to be realised and detected in a known place rather than when the transaction is committed. It may be that commit gets called implicitly by some framework logic, through declarative logic, the container, or by a template. In this case, any exception thrown may be difficult to catch and handle (it could be too high in the code).
For example, if you save() a new EmailAddress object, which has a unique constraint on the address, you won't get an error until you commit.
Calling flush() forces the row to be inserted, throwing an Exception if there is a duplicate.
However, you will have to roll back the session after the exception.
I would just like to club all the answers given above and also relate Flush() method with Session.save() so as to give more importance
Hibernate save() can be used to save entity to database. We can invoke this method outside a transaction, that’s why I don’t like this method to save data. If we use this without transaction and we have cascading between entities, then only the primary entity gets saved unless we flush the session.
flush(): Forces the session to flush. It is used to synchronize session data with database.
When you call session.flush(), the statements are executed in database but it will not committed.
If you don’t call session.flush() and if you call session.commit() , internally commit() method executes the statement and commits.
So commit()= flush+commit.
So session.flush() just executes the statements in database (but not commits) and statements are NOT IN MEMORY anymore. It just forces the session to flush.
Few important points:
We should avoid save outside transaction boundary, otherwise mapped entities will not be saved causing data inconsistency. It’s very normal to forget flushing the session because it doesn’t throw any exception or warnings.
By default, Hibernate will flush changes automatically for you:
before some query executions
when a transaction is committed
Allowing to explicitly flush the Session gives finer control that may be required in some circumstances (to get an ID assigned, to control the size of the Session)
The flush() method causes Hibernate to flush the session. You can configure Hibernate to use flushing mode for the session by using setFlushMode() method. To get the flush mode for the current session, you can use getFlushMode() method. To check, whether session is dirty, you can use isDirty() method. By default, Hibernate manages flushing of the sessions.
As stated in the documentation:
https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/5.2/userguide/html_single/chapters/flushing/Flushing.html
Flushing
Flushing is the process of synchronizing the state of the persistence
context with the underlying database. The EntityManager and the
Hibernate Session expose a set of methods, through which the
application developer can change the persistent state of an entity.
The persistence context acts as a transactional write-behind cache,
queuing any entity state change. Like any write-behind cache, changes
are first applied in-memory and synchronized with the database during
flush time. The flush operation takes every entity state change and
translates it to an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement.
The flushing strategy is given by the flushMode of the current
running Hibernate Session. Although JPA defines only two flushing
strategies (AUTO and COMMIT), Hibernate has a much
broader spectrum of flush types:
ALWAYS: Flushes the Session before every query;
AUTO: This is the default mode and it flushes the Session only if necessary;
COMMIT: The Session tries to delay the flush until the current Transaction is committed, although it might flush prematurely too;
MANUAL: The Session flushing is delegated to the application, which must call Session.flush() explicitly in order to apply the
persistence context changes.
By default, Hibernate uses the AUTO flush mode which triggers a
flush in the following circumstances:
prior to committing a Transaction;
prior to executing a JPQL/HQL query that overlaps with the queued entity actions;
before executing any native SQL query that has no registered synchronization.
Calling EntityManager#flush does have side-effects. It is conveniently used for entity types with generated ID values (sequence values): such an ID is available only upon synchronization with underlying persistence layer. If this ID is required before the current transaction ends (for logging purposes for instance), flushing the session is required.
With this method you evoke the flush process. This process synchronizes
the state of your database with state of your session by detecting state changes and executing the respective SQL statements.