Can't connect to mySql docker container with JDBC - java

I use Docker Maven Plugin
When test-integration starts i can connect to mysql on container in terminal with this command:
mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -P 32795 -uroot -p
and everythings works good but when i want to connect mysql in java app with JDBC with this code:
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:" + System.getProperty("mysqlPort") + "/dashboardmanager",
"root",
"root"
);
i get this error:
org.springframework.jdbc.CannotGetJdbcConnectionException: Could not get JDBC Connection; nested exception is java.sql.SQLException: Cannot create PoolableConnectionFactory (Communications link failure
The last packet sent successfully to the server was 0 milliseconds ago. The driver has not received any packets from the server.)
at org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils.getConnection(DataSourceUtils.java:80) ~[spring-jdbc-4.2.4.RELEASE.jar:4.2.4.RELEASE]
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.execute(JdbcTemplate.java:615) ~[spring-jdbc-4.2.4.RELEASE.jar:4.2.4.RELEASE]
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.update(JdbcTemplate.java:866) ~[spring-jdbc-4.2.4.RELEASE.jar:4.2.4.RELEASE]
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.update(JdbcTemplate.java:927) ~[spring-jdbc-4.2.4.RELEASE.jar:4.2.4.RELEASE]
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.update(JdbcTemplate.java:937) ~[spring-jdbc-4.2.4.RELEASE.jar:4.2.4.RELEASE]
I tried:
export _JAVA_OPTIONS="-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true"
and
System.setProperty("java.net.preferIPv4Stack" , "true");
but nothing changed.
Docker Maven Plugin Conf:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jolokia</groupId>
<artifactId>docker-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>${docker-maven-plugin.version}</version>
<configuration>
<images>
<image>
<name>mysql:5.7.11</name>
<run>
<env>
<MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD>root</MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD>
<MYSQL_DATABASE>dashboardmanager</MYSQL_DATABASE>
</env>
<ports>
<port>mysqlPort:3306</port>
</ports>
</run>
</image>
</images>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>start</id>
<phase>pre-integration-test</phase>
<goals>
<goal>start</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>stop</id>
<phase>post-integration-test</phase>
<goals>
<goal>stop</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>

The problem was this:
MySql starting process takes about 40 seconds, so i should stay about 40 seconds and after that try to connecting to mySql, so simple :)
Or i can use these settings in pom.xml:
<image>
<name>mysql:5.7.11</name>
<alias>mysqlContainer</alias>
<run>
<env>
<MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD>root</MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD>
<MYSQL_DATABASE>dashboard</MYSQL_DATABASE>
</env>
<ports>
<port>mysqlPort:3306</port>
</ports>
<wait>
<log>.*port: 3306 MySQL Community Server.*</log>
<time>120000</time>
</wait>
</run>
</image>

Make sure your your MySQL config file (my.cnf) set in your mysql container uses:
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
As explained in this answer (for a reverse case: connecting to mysql running on host from a docker container, but the idea is the same here), in bridge mode, setting bind-address to broadcast mode would help validate that mysql is reacheable.
Note: if you use bind-address = 0.0.0.0 your MySQL server will listen for connections on all network interfaces. That means your MySQL server could be reached from the Internet ; make sure to setup firewall rules accordingly.
After this test, check "How to connect to mysql running in container from host machine"
By default, root only has access from the localhost, 127.0.0.1 & ::1, you need to specifically allow access from 192.168.99.1 or from anywhere using '%' in the user setup.
See "Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts".

Related

spring boot maven plugin - jvm arguments - direct memory size setting

I am using spring-boot-maven-plugin to build a docker image from my app with this command:
spring-boot::build-image
And I need to change default size of jvm direct memory (default is 10m) with this jvm argument:
-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M
and this is my desperate attempt to do that in pom.xml of app where I was trying everything what came to my mind:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<configuration>
<jvmArguments>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</jvmArguments>
<environmentVariables>
<JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
<JAVA_OPTS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_OPTS>
</environmentVariables>
<systemPropertyVariables>
<JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
<JAVA_OPTS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_OPTS>
</systemPropertyVariables>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
<configuration>
<layers>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</layers>
<image>
<name>docker.io/example/${project.artifactId}:${project.version}</name>
</image>
<excludeDevtools>true</excludeDevtools>
<systemPropertyVariables>
<JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
<JAVA_OPTS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_OPTS>
</systemPropertyVariables>
<environmentVariables>
<JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
<JAVA_OPTS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_OPTS>
</environmentVariables>
<jvmArguments>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=5005</jvmArguments>
</configuration>
</plugin>
But direct memory is still setup to 10M :(
which I can see in log file when the app is booting up:
Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Djava.security.properties=/layers/paketo-buildpacks_bellsoft-liberica/java-security-properties/java-security.properties -agentpath:/layers/paketo-buildpacks_bellsoft-liberica/jvmkill/jvmkill-1.16.0-RELEASE.so=printHeapHistogram=1 -XX:ActiveProcessorCount=8 -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=10M -Xmx11521920K -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=144375K -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=240M -Xss1M -Dorg.springframework.cloud.bindings.boot.enable=true
Can anybody advise me what Am I doing wrong?
NOTES:
Spring Boot: 2.3.7.RELEASE
when I run docker image manually with -e, change of jvm argument is working:
docker run -e JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS=-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M docker.io/example/app-name:0.0.1
this mvn plugin is using Buildpack to create the docker image:
https://paketo.io/docs/buildpacks/language-family-buildpacks/java/#about-the-jvm
UPDATE:
by the doc this should be working solution but it is not:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<layers>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</layers>
<image>
<name>docker.io/example/${project.artifactId}:${project.version}</name>
<env>
<JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
</env>
</image>
</configuration>
this is a working solution on how to make runtime env "sticky":
....
<image>
<name>docker.io/example/${project.artifactId}:${project.version}</name>
<env>
<BPE_APPEND_JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M</BPE_APPEND_JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
<BPE_DELIM_JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS xml:space="preserve"> </BPE_DELIM_JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS>
</env>
</image>
...
spring-boot-maven-plugin is using paketo buildpacks:
doc:
https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/environment-variables
It depends on your goal here. It sounds like you want to change the max direct memory in your container when your app runs so you should be just doing what you indicated works here (and what's listed in the docs).
docker run -e JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS=-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=64M docker.io/example/app-name:0.0.1
The doc link you're referencing is talking about configuring options at runtime which is what you are doing with the env variables.
For anyone using Docker on Mac + Spring Boot's build-image, be aware that as of writing the default setting of Docker on Mac is a 2GB VM image that runs Linux with Docker running inside this linux VM.
With the current Spring 2.3.X default Pareto builder, this results in a docker image that has ~300MB available, but a fairly simple spring app (for me) needs ~600MB according to the memory calculator.
So no matter what the value of maxDirectMemorySize, it just would not work. As soon as I upped the mem available to the docker VM it worked just fine

Cant connect to local Redis cluster with Lettuce

I'm running a Redis local cluster with Docker like this
docker run --env "IP=0.0.0.0" -p 7000-7007:7000-7007 -p 5000-5002:5000-5002 -p 6379:6379 grokzen/redis-cluster:5.0.3
I can't send commands when connected via telnet like
telnet localhost 7000
Hoewever when trying to connect with the lettuce client with the following code
RedisURI redisURI = RedisURI.Builder.redis("localhost", 7000).build();
RedisClusterClient client = RedisClusterClient.create(redisURI);
StatefulRedisClusterConnection<String, String> connection = client.connect();
RedisStringCommands sync = connection.sync();
String value = (String) sync.get("key");
The following exception is thrown
Exception in thread "main" io.lettuce.core.RedisException: Cannot retrieve initial cluster partitions from initial URIs [RedisURI [host='localhost', port=7000]]
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.RedisClusterClient.loadPartitions(RedisClusterClient.java:865)
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.RedisClusterClient.initializePartitions(RedisClusterClient.java:819)
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.RedisClusterClient.connect(RedisClusterClient.java:345)
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.RedisClusterClient.connect(RedisClusterClient.java:320)
at com.foo.DeleteMe.main(DeleteMe.java:22)
Caused by: io.lettuce.core.RedisConnectionException: Unable to establish a connection to Redis Cluster
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.topology.AsyncConnections.get(AsyncConnections.java:84)
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.topology.ClusterTopologyRefresh.loadViews(ClusterTopologyRefresh.java:68)
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.RedisClusterClient.doLoadPartitions(RedisClusterClient.java:871)
at io.lettuce.core.cluster.RedisClusterClient.loadPartitions(RedisClusterClient.java:844)
... 4 more
Suppressed: io.lettuce.core.RedisConnectionException: Unable to connect to localhost:7000
Caused by: java.nio.channels.UnresolvedAddressException
at sun.nio.ch.Net.checkAddress(Net.java:101)
at sun.nio.ch.SocketChannelImpl.connect(SocketChannelImpl.java:622)
at io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel.doConnect(NioSocketChannel.java:209)
at io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioChannel$AbstractNioUnsafe.connect(AbstractNioChannel.java:199)
... 21 more
<!-- The configuration of maven-jar-plugin -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.2.4</version>
<configuration>
<!-- put your configurations here -->
<shadedArtifactAttached>true</shadedArtifactAttached>
<shadedClassifierName>shadeall</shadedClassifierName>
<relocations>
<relocation>
<pattern>io.netty</pattern>
<shadedPattern>com.ly.dc.io.netty</shadedPattern>
</relocation>
</relocations>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>shade</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>

JBAS012144 Connection timeout

When I try to deploy or undeploy my application(EAR) in JBoss using Maven and Jenkins I get the following error :
INFO: JBoss Remoting version 3.2.12.GA
[DEBUG]
java.io.IOException: java.net.ConnectException: JBAS012144: Could not
connect to remote://192.168.1.8:10099. The connection timed out
at org.jboss.as.controller.client.impl.AbstractModelControllerClient.executeForResult(AbstractModelControllerClient.java:129)
at org.jboss.as.controller.client.impl.AbstractModelControllerClient.execute(AbstractModelControllerClient.java:71)
at org.jboss.as.plugin.common.AbstractServerConnection.isDomainServer(AbstractServerConnection.java:234)
at org.jboss.as.plugin.common.AbstractServerConnection.getClient(AbstractServerConnection.java:156)
...
My JBoss server is listening the port 10099 (9999+100) taking into account the following jboss configuration:
<socket-binding-group
name="standard-sockets"
default-interface="public"
port-offset="${jboss.socket.binding.port-offset:100}">
<socket-binding
name="management-native"
interface="management"
port="${jboss.management.native.port:9999}"/>
The Maven plugin configuration :
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>7.6.Final</version>
<inherited>true</inherited>
<configuration>
<!-- <skip>true</skip> -->
<hostname>${deploy.jboss.host}</hostname>
<port>${deploy.jboss.port}</port>
<username>${deploy.jboss.user}</username>
<password>${deploy.jboss.password}</password>
<filename>fitness-${stage}-${app.server}.ear</filename>
<name>fitness-${stage}-${app.server}.ear</name>
<skip>${skip.deployment}</skip>
<!-- Logging ??? not working-->
<execute-commands>
<commands>
<command>/subsystem=logging/file-handler=debug:add(level=DEBUG,autoflush=true,file={"relative-to"=>"jboss.server.log.dir", "path"=>"jenkins-deployment.log"})
</command>
<command>/subsystem=logging/logger=org.jboss.as:add(level=DEBUG,handlers=[debug])
</command>
</commands>
</execute-commands>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>deploy-application</id>
<goals>
<goal>deploy</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>undeploying-all-application</id>
<goals>
<goal>undeploy</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<match-pattern>fitness-.*</match-pattern>
<matchPatternStrategy>all</matchPatternStrategy>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
With the following variables :
deploy.jboss.host = 192.168.1.8
deploy.jboss.port = 10099
Here is my configuration :
OS : Ubuntu 13.04
Java : 1.6.0_26
JBoss : 7.1.1.final
Maven : 3.0.3
Jboss-as-maven-plugin : 7.6.final
Jenkins and the target jboss server are running the same machine identified by the ip 192.168.1.8
My own diagnostic :
If I run
sudo netstat -nlp | grep :10099
I get :
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:10099 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 25475/java
And 25475 is my Jboss instance. It seems that JBoss is listening behind the right port.
I can connect using another instance with CLI :
sh jboss-cli.sh controller=192.168.1.8:10099
Thanks in advance for your help
I had same problem and I solved it setting a higher timeout value.
For example:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>7.9.Final</version>
<inherited>true</inherited>
<configuration>
<hostname>${jboss.hostname}</hostname>
<port>${jboss.port}</port>
<username>${jboss.user}</username>
<password>${jboss.pass}</password>
....
<timeout>30000</timeout>
....
</configuration>
</plugin>
Default "timeout" value is 5000ms. You can try with a higher value like 30000ms. It worked for me.
Edited:
As Pedro said, another option can be passing "timeout" to maven via a command line argument. eg. -Djboss-as.timeout=30000
The problem was JDK 7 related. My jenkins server was using Java 1.7
If you want to use the jdk 7 you need to use the following parameter :
-Djava.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider=sun.nio.ch.KQueueSelectorProvider
I had the similar issue, however the fix was different, it might help somebody. I had to change maven plugin to the following one:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.wildfly.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>wildfly-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.1.0.Alpha11</version>
</plugin>

xvfb with Selenium. Display is already in use error

I wanna run selenium tests from TeamCity using Maven at Linux server without display.
While running Selenium tests I'm getting the following error in TeamCity:
Failed to execute goal org.codehaus.mojo:selenium-maven-plugin:2.3:xvfb (xvfb) on project my-project:
It appears that the configured display is already in use: :1
I installed x11-fonts*, xvfb, firefox, extracted DISPLAY=localhost:1, started xvfb
In pom.xml I added the following plugin:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.3</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>xvfb</id>
<phase>pre-integration-test</phase>
<goals>
<goal>xvfb</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<display>:1</display>
</configuration>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>selenium</id>
<phase>pre-integration-test</phase>
<goals>
<goal>start-server</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<background>true</background>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
Do you have any ideas how to fix this problem?
UPD: xvfb is running using commmand
Xvfb :1 -screen 0 1920x1200x24 > /dev/null 2>&1 &
UPD: Before I've tried not to run xvfb before running tests, but was getting:
Execution xvfb of goal org.codehaus.mojo:selenium-maven-plugin:2.3:xvfb failed: Execute failed: java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "xauth": java.io.IOException: error=2, No such file or directory
The error message tells you there is already an X server running on display number 1. From what you say:
I installed x11-fonts*, xvfb, firefox, extracted DISPLAY=localhost:1, started xvfb ... I added the following plugin
it seems that you started a server, and then the plugin tried to start it once more (as it should). I'd try not starting xvfb beforehand (ensure it doesn't run).
Or get rid of the display number in the plugin configuration altogether, it will try to find a free display number. It won't use your xvfb instance, though.
I removed plugin declaration from pom.xml (as far as got to know that it's for previous version of Selenium), installed xauth (not sure that was necessary) and everything began to work.

jboss-as-maven-plugin can't deploy to remote JBoss AS7?

I've tried for days to use jboss-as-maven-plugin to deploy web projects to remote JBoss AS7, but it didn't work.
Here is my pom.xml:
<!-- JBoss Application Server -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>7.1.0.CR1b</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>install</phase>
<goals>
<goal>deploy</goal>
</goals>
<!-- Only remote server needs -->
<configuration>
<hostname>192.168.1.104</hostname>
<port>9999</port>
<username>admin</username>
<password>admin123</password>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
Using this configuration I can deploy to localhost without <configuration>, even no <username> and <password>.
To deploy to my real IP address, I modified ${JBOSS_HOME}/configuration/standlone.xml, by changing jboss.bind.address from 127.0.0.1 to 0.0.0.0 (to unbind JBoss address), so I can deploy projects by using:
<configuration>
<!-- 192.168.1.106 is my ip -->
<hostname>192.168.1.06</hostname>
<port>9999</port>
</configuration>
It works too, but by changing <hostname> to point to my other computer (in the same router) it doesn't work but that computer receives a request, and the request is cut by something. (I thought it may be JBoss)
The error message in Maven console is as follows:
INFO: JBoss Remoting version 3.2.0.CR8
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD FAILURE
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 30.572s
[INFO] Finished at: Fri Feb 10 23:41:25 CST 2012
[INFO] Final Memory: 18M/170M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.jboss.as.plugins:jboss-as-maven-plugin:7.1.0.
CR1b:deploy (default) on project MessagePushX-RELEASE: Could not execute goal de
ploy on MessagePush.war. Reason: java.net.ConnectException: JBAS012144: Could no
t connect to remote://192.168.1.104:9999. The connection timed out -> [Help 1]
[ERROR]
[ERROR] To see the full stack trace of the errors, re-run Maven with the -e swit
ch.
[ERROR] Re-run Maven using the -X switch to enable full debug logging.
[ERROR]
[ERROR] For more information about the errors and possible solutions, please rea
d the following articles:
[ERROR] [Help 1] http://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MAVEN/MojoExecutionException
Who can tell me is JBoss as 7.1.0 is not allowed remote deploy?
For some security issues?
It is definitely not a security issue.
The plugin you are referring uses the JBoss AS7 ability to deploy applications using the Server Deployment Manager (this is new feature in AS7). Previously the deployment was only possible via JMX console, which required the deployment artifact to be reachable by server (local file or URL).
You need to make sure:
192.168.1.104 is running JBoss AS7 with Server Deployment Manager listening on port 9999.
The port should not be bound to localhost iface (not 127.0.0.0:9999 but *:9999).
There is no firewall between you and 192.168.1.104 rejecting packets to port 9999.
what worked for me was to change from jboss-as plugin to wildfly plugin:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.wildfly.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>wildfly-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.1.0.Alpha8</version>
</plugin>
and then using the maven command:
mvn wildfly:deploy
reference: https://issues.jboss.org/browse/WFLY-3684
For me it worked when configuring the plugin with the hostname parameter "127.0.0.1" as the server seems to bind to that IP by default:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>7.3.Final</version>
<configuration>
<hostname>127.0.0.1</hostname>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
I solved this problem, using the last version of plugin:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>7.5.Final</version>
</plugin>
Remote deployment definitely works.
Be sure that management port (native) is bound to *.9999, as mentioned above .
<socket-binding name="management-native" interface="management" port="${*:9999}"/>
Be sure that you added user to management realm. Also, I noticed that password was cached the first time I ran plugin, so later on it keep using stale password (from first run) instead of new one. I notice this using mvn -X option.
I also turned off firewall on jboss server host machine. At least ports 8787, 4447, 8080, 9990 must be opened.
Here is complete plugin declaration
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>7.6.Final</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>deploy</goal>
</goals>
<phase>install</phase>
</execution>
</executions>
<configuration>
<force>true</force>
<hostname>IP</hostname>
<port>9999</port>
<username>mvndeploy</username>
<password>pa##word1.</password>
<filename>${project.build.finalName}</filename>
</configuration>
</plugin>
Test everyting with :
mvn package jboss-as:deploy
Use wildfly-maven-plugin instead of jboss-maven-plugin.
For me worked changing the version of the maven plugin to the newer:
<version>7.1.0.Final</version>
When I got the same error by using IntelliJ I undeployed the project from JBoss server and again deployed it is working fine.
This issue usually occurs due to binding address of your JBOSS, if you will take a look at standlone.xml the jboss management bind address is
jboss.bind.address.management:127.0.0.1
You can change it to the machine IP adress or point it to 0.0.0.0
jboss.bind.address.management:0.0.0.0/machine IP
restart JBOSS and try mvn jboss plugin should work like a charm.

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