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Testing lazy initialization by j.u.f.Supplier with Mockito

I have a class Sut with lazy initialization implemented using java.util.function.Supplier. In fact it's more complicated that the code below, but this is the simplest form that Mockito cannot test. The test below throws an error Wanted but not invoked ... However, there were other interactions with this mock. Why doesn't Mockito count the invocation of create? The code flow actually enters create(); I checked that with debugger.
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
public class TestTimes {
#Test
public void testCreateOnlyOnce() {
Sut sut = spy(new Sut());
sut.getData();
sut.getData();
sut.getData();
verify(sut, times(1)).create();
}
private static class Sut {
Supplier<Object> data = this::create;
void getData() {
data.get();
}
Object create() {
return new Object();
}
}
}

First of all, thanks for the well written question.
I have tested your code myself and seen the error you mentioned. Although, I have changed your code a little bit while debugging... Take a look:
#Test
public void testCreateOnlyOnce() {
Sut sut = spy(new Sut());
sut.getData();
sut.getData();
sut.getData();
verify(sut, times(1)).create();
}
private static class Sut {
private Supplier<Object> data;
// Added de data object initialization on the constructor to help debugging.
public Sut() {
this.data = this::create;
}
void getData() {
data.get();
}
Object create() {
return new Object();
}
}
What I found out while debugging:
The Sut class constructor is being called correctly inside the spy(new Sut()) clause, but the create() method is not being called there.
Every time sut.getData() is called, the create() method is also called. What made me conclude, finally that:
On the constructor, all that this::create did was telling java that, whenever it needs to retrieve the Object from the supplier, that Object will be retrieved from the create() method. And, the create() method being called by the supplier is from a class instance different from what Mockito is spying.
That explains why you cannot track it with verify.
EDIT: From my research, that is actually the desired behavior of the Supplier. It just creates an interface that has a get() method that calls whatever noArgs method you declared on the method reference. Take a look at this on "Instantiate Supplier Using Method Reference".

I want to add a little to Gabriel Pimentas excellent answer. The reason why this works as it does is that mockito creates shallow copies of the spy new Sut() and your Supplier refers to the compiled lambda method inside the original Sut instance and not the spy instance.
See also this question and the mockito documentation.
When you debug your code, you can see how this works:
Sut sut = spy(new Sut()); is now a mocked/spied subclass of Sut as the instance TestTimes$Sut$MockitoMock$1381634547#5b202a3a. Now, all fields from the original new Sut() are shallow-copied, including the Supplier<Object> data. Looking at this field inside the spy, we can see that it is an instance of TestTimes$Sut$$Lambda$1/510109769#1ecee32c, i.e. pointing to a lambda inside the original Sut. When we set a breakpoint inside the create method, we can further observe that this points to TestTimes$Sut#232a7d73, i.e. the original Sut and not the spied instance.
EDIT: Even though this MCVE probably does not resemble your actual code, the following solutions come to mind:
Inject the Supplier into your Sut (either during construction or as a parameter to getData.
Create the supplier lazily within your getData method (so that it points to the mockito-instance)
Don't use a Supplier but just call create directly if the Supplier is not passed from the outside

Mockito when/then not returning expected value

I'm trying to stub this getKeyFromStream method, using the 'any' matchers. I've tried being more explicit and less explicit (anyObject()), but it seems like no matter what I try, this stub will not return the fooKey in my unit test.
I'm wondering if it is because it is protected or there is something else I'm missing or doing incorrectly. I have other when/then statements throughout the tests that are working but for some reason here, it is not.
Note: The getKeyFromStream generally uses a byteArrayInputStream, but I'm trying to match it with an InputStream, I've tried both to no avail.
public class FooKeyRetriever() //Mocked this guy
{
public FooKey getKey(String keyName) throws KeyException {
return getKeyFromStream(getKeyStream(keyName, false), keyName);
}
//Stubbed this method to return a key object which has been mocked
protected FooKey getKeyFromStream(InputStream keyStream, String keyName){
//Some code
return fooKey;
}
}
Unit Test
#Mock
private FooKeyRetriever mockKeyRetriever;
#Mock
private FooKey fooKey;
#Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
}
#Test
public void testGetFooKey() throws Exception {
when(foo.getKeyFromStream(any(InputStream.class),any(String.class))).thenReturn(fooKey);
FooKey fooKey = mockKeyRetriever.getKey("irrelevant_key");
assertNotNull(fooKey);
}

The problem with your unit-test is, that you are trying to mock a method of your actual class which you want to test but you can't actually invoke a mock method as this will return null unless you declare a mocked return value on that invoked method. Usually, you only mock external dependencies.
There are actually two ways to create test-objects: mock and spy. The primer one will create a new object based on the class you provided which has internal state null and also return null on every invoked method. That's why you need to define certain return values for method invocations. spy on the other hand creates a real object and intercepts method invocations if "mock definitions" are defined for certain methods.
Mockito and PowerMock provide two ways of defining your mocked methods:
// method 1
when(mockedObject.methodToMock(any(Param1.class), any(Param2.class),...)
.thenReturn(answer);
when(mockedObject, method(Dependency.class, "methodToMock", Parameter1.class, Parameter2.class, ...)
.thenReturn(answer);
or
// method 2
doReturn(answer).when(mockedObject).methodToMock(param1, param2);
The difference is, that the method 1 will execute the methods implementation while the later one won't. This is important if you deal with spy objects as you sometimes don't want to execute the real code inside the invoked method but instead just replace the code or return a predefined value!
Although Mockito and PowerMock provide a doCallRealMethod() which you can define instead of doReturn(...) or doThrow(...), this will invoke and execute the code within your real object and ignores any mocked method return statements. Though, this is not that useful in your case where you want to mock a method of your class under test.
A method implementation can be "overwritten" by
doAnswer(Answer<T>() {
#Override
public T answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
...
}
)
where you simply can declare what the logic of the invoked method should be. You can utilize this to return the mock result of the protected method therefore like this:
import static org.hamcrest.core.IsSame.sameInstance;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
import java.io.InputStream;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
public class FooKeyRetrieverTest {
#Test
public void testGetFooKey() throws Exception {
// Arrange
final FooKeyRetriever sut = spy(new FooKeyRetriever());
FooKey mockedKey = mock(FooKey.class);
doReturn(mockedKey)
.when(sut).getKeyFromStream(any(InputStream.class), anyString());
doAnswer(new Answer<FooKey>() {
public FooKey answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
return sut.getKeyFromStream(null, "");
}
}).when(sut).getKey(anyString());
// Act
FooKey ret = sut.getKey("test");
// Assert
assertThat(ret, sameInstance(mockedKey));
}
}
The code above works, however note that this has the same semantic as simply declaring a return value for the getKey(...) as
doReturn(mockedKey).when(sut).getKey(anyString());
Trying to modify only getKeyFromStream(...) with something like this:
doReturn(mockedKey)
.when(sut).getKeyFromStream(any(InputStream.class), anyString());
without modifying getKey(...) of your System-Under-Test (SUT) won't achieve anything as the real code of getKey(...) would be executed. If you however mock the sut-object, you could not invoke the method in your // Act section as this would return null. If you try
doCallRealMethod().when(sut).getKey(anyString());
on a mock object, the real method woulb be called and as mentiond beforehand, this would also invoke the real implementations of getKeyFromStream(...) and getKeyStream(...) regardless what you specified as mock-method.
As you probably can see by yourself, mocking methods of your actual class under test is not that useful and puts more burden to you than it provides any good. Therefore, it's up to you or your enterprise' policy if you want or need to test private/protected methods at all or if you stick to testing only the public API (which I would recommend). You also have the possibility to refactor your code in order to improve testability although the primary intent of refactoring should be to improve the overall design of your code.

How should I use EasyMock's #Mock annotation (new in version 3.2)?

It looks like EasyMock version 3.2 now supports using annotations to setup mock objects. I am new to EasyMock (and Java in general) and am trying to understand how to use this. Do these annotations do something new or just provide an alternative way to do things? The documentation says:
Since EasyMock 3.2, it is now possible to create mocks using annotations. This is a nice
and shorter way to create your mocks and inject them to the tested class.
Here is the example above, now using annotations: ...
Then there is a listing that shows use of the #TestSubject and #Mock annotations, but I don't understand how it works. It seems as if it magically sets the private field of the class under test to the mock object. In most of my cases, I just want to make mock objects that return pre-defined values for use in JUnit test cases (don't currently care about verifying which ones were called, how many times they were called, etc). For example, for some tests I want to create a fake HttpServletRequest object like this:
public class SomeTest {
// Construct mock object for typical HTTP request for the URL below
private static final String REQUEST_URL = "http://www.example.com/path/to/file?query=1&b=2#some-fragment";
private static final Map<String, String> requestHeaderMap;
static {
Map<String, String> requestHeaders = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
requestHeaders.put("host", "www.example.com");
// ... (add any other desired headers here) ...
requestHeaderMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(requestHeaders);
}
private HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest;
// ...
#Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
httpServletRequest = createNiceMock(HttpServletRequest.class);
expect(httpServletRequest.getRequestURI()).andReturn(REQUEST_URL).anyTimes();
expect(httpServletRequest.getHeaderNames()).andReturn(Collections.enumeration(requestHeaderMap.keySet())).anyTimes();
capturedString = new Capture<String>();
expect(httpServletRequest.getHeader(capture(capturedString))).andAnswer(new IAnswer<String>() {
public String answer() throws Throwable {
String headerName = capturedString.getValue().toLowerCase();
if (requestHeaderMap.containsKey(headerName))
return requestHeaderMap.get(headerName);
else
return "";
}
}).anyTimes();
replay(httpServletRequest);
// ...
}
#Test
public void someMethod_givenAnHttpServletRequest_shouldDoSomething() {
// ...
}
}
Could I change the above code to use annotations? If so, should I? Under what circumstances?
I thought perhaps putting the #Mock annotation above an instance variable declaration would automatically take care of the createNiceMock(...) part, but this does not seem to work, so I suspect that I am misunderstanding something.

Examining their source code, they are using reflection to inject anything with an #Mock into a field of the #TestSubject. Their javadoc for the method
public static void injectMocks(final Object obj)
in EasyMockSupport.java says:
Inject a mock to every fields annotated with {#link Mock} on the class passed in parameter. Then, inject these mocks to the fields of every class annotated with TestSubject.
The rules are
Static and final fields are ignored
If a mock can be assigned to a field, do it. The same mock an be assigned more than once
If no mock can be assigned to a field, skip it silently
If two mocks can be assigned to the same field, return an error
Fields are searched recursively on the superclasses
Note: If the parameter extends EasyMockSupport, the mocks will be created using it to allow replayAll/verifyAll to work afterwards
#param obj the object on which to inject mocks
#since 3.2
public static void injectMocks(final Object obj) {
...
}
For you to use the #Mock annotation, you would need a #TestSubject that has an HttpServletRequest field for EasyMock to set the #Mock on (via reflection). The annotations are provided to make it a little easier to wire up a test, it let's you skip the createMock, and then calling the settter yourself.

Java: How do I mock a method of a field when that field isn't exposed?

I'm using Java 6, JUnit 4.8.1, and writing a console application. My application has a member field that isn't exposed …
public class MyApp {
...
private OpportunitiesService m_oppsSvc;
private void initServices() {
…
m_oppsSvc = new OpportunitiesServiceImpl(…);
}
...
}
I want to mock a behavior such that whenever one method from my service is called, (e.g. m_oppsSvc.getResults()), the same result is always returned. How do I do that? There's no setter method for the field. I'm currently working with Mockito 1.8.4. Is it possible to do this with Mockito or some other mock framework?

This is what you want:
#RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class MyAppTest {
#Mock private OpportunitiesService mocked_m_oppsSvc;
#InjectMocks MyApp myApp;
#Test public void when_MyApp_uses_OpportunititesService_then_verify_something() {
// given
given( mocked_m_oppsSvc.whatever()).willReturn(...);
// when
myApp.isUsingTheOpportunitiesService(...);
// then
verify...
assertThat...
}
}
Using: Mockito 1.9.0, BDD style, FEST-Assert AssertJ.
Hope that helps :)

Given that you're already using mockito, why not just use reflection:
#RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class MyApp {
#Mock
private OpportunitiesService m_oppsSvc;
private MyApp myApp;
#Before
public void before() throws Exception {
myApp = new MyApp();
Field f = MyApp.class.getDeclaredField("m_oppsSvc");
f.setAccessible(true);
f.set(myApp, m_oppsSvc);
}
}
It's a bit ugly, but it will do the trick. Note that this may not be the most efficient way to do it with Mockito, but it will work.
There's also Powermock which should allow you to do this as well using the Whitebox class. I won't get into the whole details of Powermock but here's the call to inject the private field value, which should be a mock object:
Whitebox.setInternalState(myApp, "m_oppsSvc", m_oppsSvc);

You should consider attempts to mock a private field a smell. That is, a sign that either what you're trying to do is either incorrect or that your code is currently structured incorrectly. You should only need to mock public methods or injected dependencies
In the code you've given you should consider injecting OpportunitiesService as follows:
public class MyApp {
...
private OpportunitiesService m_oppsSvc;
public MyApp(OpportunitiesService oppsSvc) {
this.m_oppsSvc = oppsSvc;
}
...
}
In your test you can then inject a mock as follows:
OpportunitiesService mockOpportunitiesService =
Mockito.mock(OpportunitiesService.class);
Mockit.when(mockOpportunitiesService.someMethod()).thenReturn(someValue);
MyApp app = new MyApp(mockOpportunitiesService);

You can easily do it with JMockit:
public class MyAppTest
{
#Tested MyApp myApp;
#Test
public testSomething(final #Capturing OpportunitiesService mockService)
{
new NonStrictExpectations() {{
mockService.getResults(); result = asList("a", "b", "C");
// record other expectations, if needed
}};
myApp.whateverMethodIWantToTest();
new Verifications() {{
mockService.doSomething(anyInt);
// verify other expectations, if needed
}};
}
}
Even though the implementation class OpportunitiesServiceImpl isn't mentioned in test code, its instances (any number of them) will still get properly mocked.

Generally you should use dependency injection and pass the mock object (of type OppportunitiesServiceImpl) in via the constructor, a separate setter or directly to the method (getResults). You might need to extract an interface for OpportunitiesServiceImpl first.

Usually, this is solved through the use of dependency injection. In regular (production) mode, your dependency injection container (e.g. Spring or Guice) will inject an instance of OpportunitiesService into MyApp through your constructor or through a setter.
Then, when you're testing you can "inject" a mock instance manually using the same setter or constructor argument.
Instead of doing
m_oppsSvc = new OpportunitiesServiceImpl(…);
Try Passing OpportunitesService in through MyApp's constructor

how to setup a call to method of mocked object in mockito without calling the original method itself

mockito-version: 1.9.0
I want to setup a call to a method of a mocked object in mockito without calling the original method itself:
EDIT: this example actually works as expect, i.e. the body method "test()" of does not get executed. However, after further investigation I noticed that the original method had the default visibility modifier and I suspect this to cause problems since after changing it to public (shouldn't this be the same?!) it works as expected.
e.g.
public class TestClass {
public String test() {
System.out.println("test called!");
return "test";
}
}
//in test
TestClass mock = mock(TestClass.class);
when(mock.test()).thenReturn("mock!"); //<-- prints test called here? why? how can I switch it off?

The following, running under Mockito 1.9.0 and JUnit 4.8.2, does not print anything to my console:
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import org.junit.Test;
public class TestNonCall {
public class TestClass {
public String test() {
System.out.println("test called!");
return "test";
}
}
#Test
public void doTest() {
final TestClass mock = mock(TestClass.class);
when(mock.test()).thenReturn("mock!");
}
}
Further, if I put a breakpoint in the test() method it is never hit.
Perhaps post more code? It looks like your example is not complex enough to demonstrate the behaviour you're having problems with.
Also: are you using the latest version of Mockito?
Edit: New Thought: Are You Mocking a Final Method?
If you add a final modifier to the method you are mocking, you get the behaviour you reported.
This is because Mockito does not mock final and static methods. Instead, it delegates the calls to the real implementation.
Might your actual code be attempting to mock a final method?
If so, you can use PowerMock, which is an extension to Mockito that allows mocking final methods.
You would need to add the following annotations to your test case class:
#RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
#PrepareForTest(TestClass.class)
public class TestNonCall {
// ...
}
and mock the class using the PowerMock method in your test method:
final TestClass mock = PowerMockito.mock(TestClass.class);
then proceed as usual.