I have a class with the following field and method:
private final Map<Character, String> charMap = new LinkedHashMap<>();
public Character charOf(String s) {
assert this.charMap.containsValue(s);
for (Character c : this.charMap.keySet()) {
if (this.charMap.get(c).equals(s)) return c;
}
}
The compiler doesn't like this, giving me a "missing return statement" error, whereas this compiles fine:
private final Map<Character, String> charMap = new LinkedHashMap<>();
public Character charOf(String s) {
for (Character c : this.charMap.keySet()) {
if (this.charMap.get(c).equals(s)) return c;
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException("There is no mapping for \"" + s + "\"");
}
As far as I can tell, these two methods should function exactly the same and do the exact same thing with the former being slighly more readable (at the expense of a less detailed error message). It will always either return a value or throw an exception. Why does the compiler not realize this?
There are two reasons:
The complier is not 'smart' enough to figure out that this.charMap.containsValue(s) being true means this.charMap.get(c).equals(s) must be true for some c. It only does simpler analysis, like checking if both branches of an if-statement have a return in them.
Even if it were smart enough, Java is a language with mutable objects and threads - even if the map contains the key at the time of the assert, it may be removed from the map by another thread before the loop starts.
If you want a language with a sufficiently 'smart' compiler, you might want to look at dependently-typed languages like Idris.
Because of two things:
Firstly, assertions only throw exceptions if they are enabled at run-time using the jvm argument -ea. This means there is a possibility that is skipped.
Secondly, you throw the exception at the end while you run the assertion before the code. Theoretically, the assertion could be true without the loop returning as the Map content could theoretically change between the assertion and the loop or containsValue could do something the compiler doesn't expect. The compiler just checks for sytax, not for logical impossibilities.
This has more to do with JLS: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se10/html/jls-8.html#jls-8.4.7 than with assert:
If a method is declared to have a return type (§8.4.5), then a
compile-time error occurs if the body of the method can complete
normally (§14.1).
In other words, a method with a return type must return only by using
a return statement that provides a value return; the method is not
allowed to "drop off the end of its body". See §14.17 for the precise
rules about return statements in a method body.
Since your method must return a value (not void), only return or throw return the execution flow to the caller.
This rule ensure you avoid such case (this is a C example):
#define N = 10;
const char* CHAR_MAP[N] = ...;
const char CHAR_VALUE[N] = ...;
char charOf(const char* s) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
if (strcmp(s, CHAR_MAP[i]) == 0) {
return CHAR_VALUE[i];
}
}
// not return value
}
My C is a bit rusty, this might not compile but the point is: in C - at least in C99 - the value returned in this case is undefined which may lead to several nasty problems, especially with pointers.
The rule in Java ensure that you always:
Return a value, eg: null.
Throw an exception, meaning an error.
This does not means the returned value will make thing works: returning null here may produce NullPointerException.
Beside, on a side note:
public Character charOf(String s) {
for (Map.Entry<Character,String> entry : this.charMap.entrySet()) {
if (s.equals(entry.getValue()) {
return entry.getKey();
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException("There is no mapping for \"" + s + "\"");
}
You should avoid mixing keySet() and get() when you can use entrySet().
I can't figure out how to factor out this code.
private CompletionStage<Response<String>> foo(RequestContext rc) {
final Optional<String> campaignIdOpt = rc.request().parameter("campaignId").filter(s -> !s.isEmpty());
final Optional<String> creativeIdOpt = rc.request().parameter("creativeId").filter(s -> !s.isEmpty());
Optional<Uuid> campaignIdOptOfUuid = Optional.empty();
if (campaignIdOpt.isPresent()) {
try {
campaignIdOptOfUuid = Optional.of(UuidUtils.fromString(campaignIdOpt.get()));
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
LOG.error(String.format("Invalid campaignId: %s", campaignIdOpt.get()), e);
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(
Response.forStatus(Status.BAD_REQUEST.withReasonPhrase("Invalid campaignId provided.")));
}
}
Optional<Uuid> creativeIdOptOfUuid = Optional.empty();
if (creativeIdOpt.isPresent()) {
try {
creativeIdOptOfUuid = Optional.of(UuidUtils.fromString(creativeIdOpt.get()));
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
LOG.error(String.format("Invalid creativeId: %s", creativeIdOpt.get()), e);
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(
Response.forStatus(Status.BAD_REQUEST.withReasonPhrase("Invalid creativeId provided.")));
}
}
// Simplified, do something with Uuids.
return bar(campaignIdOptOfUuid, creativeIdOptOfUuid);
}
Basically, we very frequently need to parse Google protobuf Uuids from a query string to pass on to another service that will find (or not find). We need to pass along an empty optional if a parameter was not set or an empty string, as both cases mean, "Don't filter by this parameter." Finally, if the string doesn't parse at all, then we want to immediately return an error 400 (Bad Request), rather than pass along a non-sense param to the service.
So, codewise, I want a utility method that
takes an Optional<String>, and
returns an Optional<Uuid> if present, Optional.empty() otherwise, and
if an exception is thrown, return an error from the original context.
But obviously, I can't "double-return." What pattern do I use to achieve this though? I tried to create an encapsulator for both an Optional<Uuid> and a CompletionStage<Response<String>> but it was awkward. Is there some idiomatic way of doing this?
You can use a loop. A loop allows you to handle all elements equally, thus removing the code duplication, while still allowing to return immediately:
private CompletionStage<Response<String>> foo(RequestContext rc) {
String[] parameters = {"campaignId", "creativeId" };
List<Optional<Uuid>> uuids = new ArrayList<>(parameters.length);
for(String param: parameters) {
Optional<String> o1 = rc.request().parameter(param).filter(s -> !s.isEmpty());
Optional<Uuid> o2;
try {
o2 = o1.map(UuidUtils::fromString);
} catch(IllegalArgumentException e) {
LOG.error(String.format("Invalid %s: %s", param, o1.get()), e);
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(
Response.forStatus(Status.BAD_REQUEST
.withReasonPhrase("Invalid "+param+ " provided.")));
}
uuids.add(o2);
}
// Simplified, do something with Uuids.
return bar(uuids.get(0), uuids.get(1));
}
Otherwise, you would need to create a method returning an object holding two alternative results (like Either); the JDK does not provide such a type yet. A method could simply throw on an erroneous condition but that would bring you back to square one when the common code is mostly the exception handling.
Note that calling Optional.map on an empty optional will already return an empty optional, without evaluating the provided function, so you don’t need to check via ifPresent, etc.
A web service returns a huge XML and I need to access deeply nested fields of it. For example:
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt()
The problem is that getFoo(), getBar(), getBaz() may all return null.
However, if I check for null in all cases, the code becomes very verbose and hard to read. Moreover, I may miss the checks for some of the fields.
if (wsObject.getFoo() == null) return -1;
if (wsObject.getFoo().getBar() == null) return -1;
// maybe also do something with wsObject.getFoo().getBar()
if (wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz() == null) return -1;
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
Is it acceptable to write
try {
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
} catch (NullPointerException ignored) {
return -1;
}
or would that be considered an antipattern?
Catching NullPointerException is a really problematic thing to do since they can happen almost anywhere. It's very easy to get one from a bug, catch it by accident and continue as if everything is normal, thus hiding a real problem. It's so tricky to deal with so it's best to avoid altogether. (For example, think about auto-unboxing of a null Integer.)
I suggest that you use the Optional class instead. This is often the best approach when you want to work with values that are either present or absent.
Using that you could write your code like this:
public Optional<Integer> m(Ws wsObject) {
return Optional.ofNullable(wsObject.getFoo()) // Here you get Optional.empty() if the Foo is null
.map(f -> f.getBar()) // Here you transform the optional or get empty if the Bar is null
.map(b -> b.getBaz())
.map(b -> b.getInt());
// Add this if you want to return null instead of an empty optional if any is null
// .orElse(null);
// Or this if you want to throw an exception instead
// .orElseThrow(SomeApplicationException::new);
}
Why optional?
Using Optionals instead of null for values that might be absent makes that fact very visible and clear to readers, and the type system will make sure you don't accidentally forget about it.
You also get access to methods for working with such values more conveniently, like map and orElse.
Is absence valid or error?
But also think about if it is a valid result for the intermediate methods to return null or if that is a sign of an error. If it is always an error then it's probably better throw an exception than to return a special value, or for the intermediate methods themselves to throw an exception.
Maybe more optionals?
If on the other hand absent values from the intermediate methods are valid, maybe you can switch to Optionals for them also?
Then you could use them like this:
public Optional<Integer> mo(Ws wsObject) {
return wsObject.getFoo()
.flatMap(f -> f.getBar())
.flatMap(b -> b.getBaz())
.flatMap(b -> b.getInt());
}
Why not optional?
The only reason I can think of for not using Optional is if this is in a really performance critical part of the code, and if garbage collection overhead turns out to be a problem. This is because a few Optional objects are allocated each time the code is executed, and the VM might not be able to optimize those away. In that case your original if-tests might be better.
I suggest considering Objects.requireNonNull(T obj, String message). You might build chains with a detailed message for each exception, like
requireNonNull(requireNonNull(requireNonNull(
wsObject, "wsObject is null")
.getFoo(), "getFoo() is null")
.getBar(), "getBar() is null");
I would suggest you not to use special return-values, like -1. That's not a Java style. Java has designed the mechanism of exceptions to avoid this old-fashioned way which came from the C language.
Throwing NullPointerException is not the best option too. You could provide your own exception (making it checked to guarantee that it will be handled by a user or unchecked to process it in an easier way) or use a specific exception from XML parser you are using.
Assuming the class structure is indeed out of our control, as seems to be the case, I think catching the NPE as suggested in the question is indeed a reasonable solution, unless performance is a major concern. One small improvement might be to wrap the throw/catch logic to avoid clutter:
static <T> T get(Supplier<T> supplier, T defaultValue) {
try {
return supplier.get();
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
return defaultValue;
}
}
Now you can simply do:
return get(() -> wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt(), -1);
As already pointed out by Tom in the comment,
Following statement disobeys the Law of Demeter,
wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt()
What you want is int and you can get it from Foo. Law of Demeter says, never talk to the strangers. For your case you can hide the actual implementation under the hood of Foo and Bar.
Now, you can create method in Foo to fetch int from Baz. Ultimately, Foo will have Bar and in Bar we can access Int without exposing Baz directly to Foo. So, null checks are probably divided to different classes and only required attributes will be shared among the classes.
My answer goes almost in the same line as #janki, but I would like to modify the code snippet slightly as below:
if (wsObject.getFoo() != null && wsObject.getFoo().getBar() != null && wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz() != null)
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
else
return something or throw exception;
You can add a null check for wsObject as well, if there's any chance of that object being null.
You say that some methods "may return null" but do not say in what circumstances they return null. You say you catch the NullPointerException but you do not say why you catch it. This lack of information suggests you do not have a clear understanding of what exceptions are for and why they are superior to the alternative.
Consider a class method that is meant to perform an action, but the method can not guarantee it will perform the action, because of circumstances beyond its control (which is in fact the case for all methods in Java). We call that method and it returns. The code that calls that method needs to know whether it was successful. How can it know? How can it be structured to cope with the two possibilities, of success or failure?
Using exceptions, we can write methods that have success as a post condition. If the method returns, it was successful. If it throws an exception, it had failed. This is a big win for clarity. We can write code that clearly processes the normal, success case, and move all the error handling code into catch clauses. It often transpires that the details of how or why a method was unsuccessful are not important to the caller, so the same catch clause can be used for handling several types of failure. And it often happens that a method does not need to catch exceptions at all, but can just allow them to propagate to its caller. Exceptions due to program bugs are in that latter class; few methods can react appropriately when there is a bug.
So, those methods that return null.
Does a null value indicate a bug in your code? If it does, you should not be catching the exception at all. And your code should not be trying to second guess itself. Just write what is clear and concise on the assumption that it will work. Is a chain of method calls clear and concise? Then just use them.
Does a null value indicate invalid input to your program? If it does, a NullPointerException is not an appropriate exception to throw, because conventionally it is reserved for indicating bugs. You probably want to throw a custom exception derived from IllegalArgumentException (if you want an unchecked exception) or IOException (if you want a checked exception). Is your program required to provide detailed syntax error messages when there is invalid input? If so, checking each method for a null return value then throwing an appropriate diagnostic exception is the only thing you can do. If your program need not provide detailed diagnostics, chaining the method calls together, catching any NullPointerException and then throwing your custom exception is clearest and most concise.
One of the answers claims that the chained method calls violate the Law of Demeter and thus are bad. That claim is mistaken.
When it comes to program design, there are not really any absolute rules about what is good and what is bad. There are only heuristics: rules that are right much (even almost all) of the time. Part of the skill of programming is knowing when it is OK to break those kinds of rules. So a terse assertion that "this is against rule X" is not really an answer at all. Is this one of the situations where the rule should be broken?
The Law of Demeter is really a rule about API or class interface design. When designing classes, it is useful to have a hierarchy of abstractions. You have low level classes that uses the language primitives to directly perform operations and represent objects in an abstraction that is higher level than the language primitives. You have medium level classes that delegate to the low level classes, and implement operations and representations at a higher level than the low level classes. You have high level classes that delegate to the medium level classes, and implement still higher level operations and abstractions. (I've talked about just three levels of abstraction here, but more are possible). This allows your code to express itself in terms of appropriate abstractions at each level, thereby hiding complexity. The rationale for the Law of Demeter is that if you have a chain of method calls, that suggests you have a high level class reaching in through a medium level class to deal directly with low level details, and therefore that your medium level class has not provided a medium-level abstract operation that the high level class needs. But it seems that is not the situation you have here: you did not design the classes in the chain of method calls, they are the result of some auto-generated XML serialization code (right?), and the chain of calls is not descending through an abstraction hierarchy because the des-serialized XML is all at the same level of the abstraction hierarchy (right?)?
As others have said, respecting the Law of Demeter is definitely part of the solution. Another part, wherever possible, is to change those chained methods so they cannot return null. You can avoid returning null by instead returning an empty String, an empty Collection, or some other dummy object that means or does whatever the caller would do with null.
To improve readability, you may want to use multiple variables, like
Foo theFoo;
Bar theBar;
Baz theBaz;
theFoo = wsObject.getFoo();
if ( theFoo == null ) {
// Exit.
}
theBar = theFoo.getBar();
if ( theBar == null ) {
// Exit.
}
theBaz = theBar.getBaz();
if ( theBaz == null ) {
// Exit.
}
return theBaz.getInt();
Don't catch NullPointerException. You don't know where it is coming from (I know it is not probable in your case but maybe something else threw it) and it is slow.
You want to access the specified field and for this every other field has to be not null. This is a perfect valid reason to check every field. I would probably check it in one if and then create a method for readability. As others pointed out already returning -1 is very oldschool but I don't know if you have a reason for it or not (e.g. talking to another system).
public int callService() {
...
if(isValid(wsObject)){
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
}
return -1;
}
public boolean isValid(WsObject wsObject) {
if(wsObject.getFoo() != null &&
wsObject.getFoo().getBar() != null &&
wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz() != null) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
Edit: It is debatable if it's disobeyes the Law Of Demeter since the WsObject is probably only a data structure (check https://stackoverflow.com/a/26021695/1528880).
If you don't want to refactor the code and you can use Java 8, it is possible to use Method references.
A simple demo first (excuse the static inner classes)
public class JavaApplication14
{
static class Baz
{
private final int _int;
public Baz(int value){ _int = value; }
public int getInt(){ return _int; }
}
static class Bar
{
private final Baz _baz;
public Bar(Baz baz){ _baz = baz; }
public Baz getBar(){ return _baz; }
}
static class Foo
{
private final Bar _bar;
public Foo(Bar bar){ _bar = bar; }
public Bar getBar(){ return _bar; }
}
static class WSObject
{
private final Foo _foo;
public WSObject(Foo foo){ _foo = foo; }
public Foo getFoo(){ return _foo; }
}
interface Getter<T, R>
{
R get(T value);
}
static class GetterResult<R>
{
public R result;
public int lastIndex;
}
/**
* #param args the command line arguments
*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
WSObject wsObject = new WSObject(new Foo(new Bar(new Baz(241))));
WSObject wsObjectNull = new WSObject(new Foo(null));
GetterResult<Integer> intResult
= getterChain(wsObject, WSObject::getFoo, Foo::getBar, Bar::getBar, Baz::getInt);
GetterResult<Integer> intResult2
= getterChain(wsObjectNull, WSObject::getFoo, Foo::getBar, Bar::getBar, Baz::getInt);
System.out.println(intResult.result);
System.out.println(intResult.lastIndex);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(intResult2.result);
System.out.println(intResult2.lastIndex);
// TODO code application logic here
}
public static <R, V1, V2, V3, V4> GetterResult<R>
getterChain(V1 value, Getter<V1, V2> g1, Getter<V2, V3> g2, Getter<V3, V4> g3, Getter<V4, R> g4)
{
GetterResult result = new GetterResult<>();
Object tmp = value;
if (tmp == null)
return result;
tmp = g1.get((V1)tmp);
result.lastIndex++;
if (tmp == null)
return result;
tmp = g2.get((V2)tmp);
result.lastIndex++;
if (tmp == null)
return result;
tmp = g3.get((V3)tmp);
result.lastIndex++;
if (tmp == null)
return result;
tmp = g4.get((V4)tmp);
result.lastIndex++;
result.result = (R)tmp;
return result;
}
}
Output
241
4
null
2
The interface Getter is just a functional interface, you may use any equivalent.
GetterResult class, accessors stripped out for clarity, hold the result of the getter chain, if any, or the index of the last getter called.
The method getterChain is a simple, boilerplate piece of code, that can be generated automatically (or manually when needed).
I structured the code so that the repeating block is self evident.
This is not a perfect solution as you still need to define one overload of getterChain per number of getters.
I would refactor the code instead, but if can't and you find your self using long getter chains often you may consider building a class with the overloads that take from 2 to, say, 10, getters.
I'd like to add an answer which focus on the meaning of the error. Null exception in itself doesn't provide any meaning full error. So I'd advise to avoid dealing with them directly.
There is a thousands cases where your code can go wrong: cannot connect to database, IO Exception, Network error... If you deal with them one by one (like the null check here), it would be too much of a hassle.
In the code:
wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
Even when you know which field is null, you have no idea about what goes wrong. Maybe Bar is null, but is it expected? Or is it a data error? Think about people who read your code
Like in xenteros's answer, I'd propose using custom unchecked exception. For example, in this situation: Foo can be null (valid data), but Bar and Baz should never be null (invalid data)
The code can be re-written:
void myFunction()
{
try
{
if (wsObject.getFoo() == null)
{
throw new FooNotExistException();
}
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
log.error(ex.Message, ex); // Write log to track whatever exception happening
throw new OperationFailedException("The requested operation failed")
}
}
void Main()
{
try
{
myFunction();
}
catch(FooNotExistException)
{
// Show error: "Your foo does not exist, please check"
}
catch(OperationFailedException)
{
// Show error: "Operation failed, please contact our support"
}
}
NullPointerException is a run-time exception, so generally speaking is not recommended to catch it, but to avoid it.
You will have to catch the exception wherever you want to call the method (or it will propagate up the stack). Nevertheless, if in your case you can keep working with that result with value -1 and you are sure that it won't propagate because you are not using any of the "pieces" that may be null, then it seems right to me to catch it
Edit:
I agree with the later answer from #xenteros, it wil be better to launch your own exception instead returning -1 you can call it InvalidXMLException for instance.
Have been following this post since yesterday.
I have been commenting/voting the comments which says, catching NPE is bad. Here is why I have been doing that.
package com.todelete;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Address address = new Address();
address.setSomeCrap(null);
Person person = new Person();
person.setAddress(address);
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
try {
System.out.println(person.getAddress().getSomeCrap().getCrap());
} catch (NullPointerException npe) {
}
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println((endTime - startTime) / 1000F);
long startTime1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
if (person != null) {
Address address1 = person.getAddress();
if (address1 != null) {
SomeCrap someCrap2 = address1.getSomeCrap();
if (someCrap2 != null) {
System.out.println(someCrap2.getCrap());
}
}
}
}
long endTime1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println((endTime1 - startTime1) / 1000F);
}
}
public class Person {
private Address address;
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address address) {
this.address = address;
}
}
package com.todelete;
public class Address {
private SomeCrap someCrap;
public SomeCrap getSomeCrap() {
return someCrap;
}
public void setSomeCrap(SomeCrap someCrap) {
this.someCrap = someCrap;
}
}
package com.todelete;
public class SomeCrap {
private String crap;
public String getCrap() {
return crap;
}
public void setCrap(String crap) {
this.crap = crap;
}
}
Output
3.216
0.002
I see a clear winner here. Having if checks is way too less expensive than catch an exception. I have seen that Java-8 way of doing. Considering that 70% of the current applications still run on Java-7 I am adding this answer.
Bottom Line For any mission critical applications, handling NPE is costly.
If efficiency is an issue then the 'catch' option should be considered.
If 'catch' cannot be used because it would propagate (as mentioned by 'SCouto') then use local variables to avoid multiple calls to methods getFoo(), getBar() and getBaz().
It's worth considering to create your own Exception. Let's call it MyOperationFailedException. You can throw it instead returning a value. The result will be the same - you'll quit the function, but you won't return hard-coded value -1 which is Java anti-pattern. In Java we use Exceptions.
try {
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
} catch (NullPointerException ignored) {
throw new MyOperationFailedException();
}
EDIT:
According to the discussion in comments let me add something to my previous thoughts. In this code there are two possibilities. One is that you accept null and the other one is, that it is an error.
If it's an error and it occurs, You can debug your code using other structures for debugging purposes when breakpoints aren't enough.
If it's acceptable, you don't care about where this null appeared. If you do, you definitely shouldn't chain those requests.
The method you have is lengthy, but very readable. If I were a new developer coming to your code base I could see what you were doing fairly quickly. Most of the other answers (including catching the exception) don't seem to be making things more readable and some are making it less readable in my opinion.
Given that you likely don't have control over the generated source and assuming you truly just need to access a few deeply nested fields here and there then I would recommend wrapping each deeply nested access with a method.
private int getFooBarBazInt() {
if (wsObject.getFoo() == null) return -1;
if (wsObject.getFoo().getBar() == null) return -1;
if (wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz() == null) return -1;
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
}
If you find yourself writing a lot of these methods or if you find yourself tempted to make these public static methods then I would create a separate object model, nested how you would like, with only the fields you care about, and convert from the web services object model to your object model.
When you are communicating with a remote web service it is very typical to have a "remote domain" and an "application domain" and switch between the two. The remote domain is often limited by the web protocol (for example, you can't send helper methods back and forth in a pure RESTful service and deeply nested object models are common to avoid multiple API calls) and so not ideal for direct use in your client.
For example:
public static class MyFoo {
private int barBazInt;
public MyFoo(Foo foo) {
this.barBazInt = parseBarBazInt();
}
public int getBarBazInt() {
return barBazInt;
}
private int parseFooBarBazInt(Foo foo) {
if (foo() == null) return -1;
if (foo().getBar() == null) return -1;
if (foo().getBar().getBaz() == null) return -1;
return foo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
}
}
return wsObject.getFooBarBazInt();
by applying the the Law of Demeter,
class WsObject
{
FooObject foo;
..
Integer getFooBarBazInt()
{
if(foo != null) return foo.getBarBazInt();
else return null;
}
}
class FooObject
{
BarObject bar;
..
Integer getBarBazInt()
{
if(bar != null) return bar.getBazInt();
else return null;
}
}
class BarObject
{
BazObject baz;
..
Integer getBazInt()
{
if(baz != null) return baz.getInt();
else return null;
}
}
class BazObject
{
Integer myInt;
..
Integer getInt()
{
return myInt;
}
}
Giving answer which seems different from all others.
I recommend you to check for NULL in ifs.
Reason :
We should not leave a single chance for our program to be crashed.
NullPointer is generated by system. The behaviour of System
generated exceptions can not be predicted. You should not leave your
program in the hands of System when you already have a way of handling
it by your own. And put the Exception handling mechanism for the extra safety.!!
For making your code easy to read try this for checking the conditions :
if (wsObject.getFoo() == null || wsObject.getFoo().getBar() == null || wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz() == null)
return -1;
else
return wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz().getInt();
EDIT :
Here you need to store these values wsObject.getFoo(),
wsObject.getFoo().getBar(), wsObject.getFoo().getBar().getBaz() in
some variables. I am not doing it because i don't know the return
types of that functions.
Any suggestions will be appreciated..!!
I wrote a class called Snag which lets you define a path to navigate through a tree of objects. Here is an example of its use:
Snag<Car, String> ENGINE_NAME = Snag.createForAndReturn(Car.class, String.class).toGet("engine.name").andReturnNullIfMissing();
Meaning that the instance ENGINE_NAME would effectively call Car?.getEngine()?.getName() on the instance passed to it, and return null if any reference returned null:
final String name = ENGINE_NAME.get(firstCar);
It's not published on Maven but if anyone finds this useful it's here (with no warranty of course!)
It's a bit basic but it seems to do the job. Obviously it's more obsolete with more recent versions of Java and other JVM languages that support safe navigation or Optional.
So, I have the following method which is faking a database locally:
public class TestClassDao implements ClassDao {
// ...
private static List<ClassDto> classes = new ArrayList<>();
#Override
public List<ClassDto> getClassesByIds(List<Long> classIds) {
List<ClassDto> results = new ArrayList<>();
for (ClassDto classInstance : classes) {
if (classIds.contains(classInstance.getId())) {
results.add(classInstance);
}
}
return cloner.deepClone(results);
}
//...
}
I was puzzled, because the results were always coming back empty. I stepped through the debugger in Android Studio, and found that the contains check is always returning false even when the right ID is known to be present.
Tracing that back with the debugger, I found what I suspect to be the culprit: according to the debugger, List<Long> classIds contains *Integer* objects. What gives? I'm not sure how to debug this any further.
EDIT:
Here's the debugger output the question is based on:
EDIT 2:
Here's how the test data is being loaded into the data store, you can see I am correctly passing Long values:
The below method is called by a method which does a similar thing for schools, and then persisted via a method in the test DAO.
public static ClassDto getClassTestData(int classId) {
ClassDto classDto = new ClassDto();
switch (classId) {
case 1:
classDto.setId(1L);
classDto.setName("207E - Mrs. Randolph");
classDto.setTeacher(getTeacherTestData());
classDto.setStudents(getStudentsTestData());
return classDto;
case 2:
classDto.setId(2L);
classDto.setName("209W - Mr. Burns");
classDto.setTeacher(getTeacherTestData());
return classDto;
case 3:
classDto.setId(3L);
classDto.setName("249E - Mr. Sorola");
classDto.setTeacher(getTeacherTestData());
return classDto;
default:
return null;
}
}
EDIT 3:
Here is the DAO where the school information is being persisted/retrieved from. The problem is occuring somewhere between the time that the data is inserted and the time it is removed. It goes in with type Long and comes out with Type Int
#Dao
public interface SchoolDao {
#Query("SELECT * FROM schools")
List<SchoolDto> getAllSchools();
#Insert
void insertSchool(SchoolDto schoolDto);
}
Wow, what a nightmare. I have found the culprit.
I had created a TypeConverter to turn a List<Integer> to into a string (and back) so that it can be stored in a single column in the DB in room without having to modify the existing DTOs. However, when I switched over to using Long types as IDs, I failed to convert a single generic argument below in the converter; look carefully at the following code:
public class IdsListConverter {
#TypeConverter
public List<Long> idsFromString(String value) {
Gson gson = new Gson();
if (value == null || value.isEmpty()) {
return null;
} else {
Type resultType = new TypeToken<List<Integer>>(){}.getType();
return gson.fromJson(value, resultType);
}
}
#TypeConverter
public String idsToString(List<Long> ids) {
if (ids == null) {
return null;
} else {
Gson gson = new Gson();
return gson.toJson(ids);
}
}
}
It looks like you found your problem:
Type resultType = new TypeToken<List<Integer>>(){}.getType();
return gson.fromJson(value, resultType);
(in a method returning List<Long>) whereas it should have been:
Type resultType = new TypeToken<List<Long>>(){}.getType();
There is a type-safe way to write this which would have picked up the problem at compile time:
TypeToke<List<Integer>> resultTypeToken = new TypeToken<List<Integer>>() {};
return gson.getAdapter(resultTypeToken).fromJson(value);
This wouldn't have compiled, because the return statement's type is incompatible with the method's return type.
It might be worth looking for other occurrences of fromJson so you can migrate them and see if there are other problems you haven't found yet!
You look at wrong variables. ClassDao instance is below, you can see "{Long#6495} "1". But the Integer "1" you spread is the element of ClassIds which is omitted in your code. You are sure ClassIds is List(), when adding element, you should do classIds.add(new Long(1)).
For future reference, this list of casting rules will help you. In essence, I believe there is/was an implicit casting conflict.
byte –> short –> int –> long –> float –> double